Pharmacologically active peptide conjugates having a reduced tendency towards enzymatic hydrolysis

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed to a pharmacologically active peptide conjugate having a reduced tendency towards enzymatic cleavage including a pharmacologically active peptide sequence (X) and a stabilising petide sequence (Z) covalently bound to X.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is Continuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No.11/007,772 filed Dec. 7, 2004, which is a Continuation of U.S. Utilityapplication Ser. No. 09/341,590, filed Jul. 12, 1999, which claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. § 371 from international applicationPCT/DK99/00118, filed Mar. 9, 1999, which claims priority from DanishPatent Application No. 0317/98, filed Mar. 9, 1998.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There exist a large number of pharmacologically active peptides, e.g.,naturally occurring in man or in animals, or synthetic analogues of suchpeptides. An illustrative example of such a peptide is the analgeticallyactive peptide enkephalin that has given rise to a vast number ofsynthetic analogues. However, due to precisely their peptic nature, theroutes of administration thereof have been rather limited. Thus,peptides are rapidly and very effectively degraded by enzymes, generallywith half-lives in the range of minutes. Proteases and other proteolyticenzymes are ubiquitous, particularly in the gastro-intestinal tract, andtherefore peptides are usually susceptible to degradation in multiplesites upon oral administration, and to some extent in the blood, theliver, the kidney, and the vascular endothelia. Furthermore, a givenpeptide is usually susceptible to degradation at more than one linkagewithin the backbone; each locus of hydrolysis is mediated by a certainprotease. Even if such obstacles are overcome, for neuropeptides inparticular, difficulties have been encountered in their transport acrossthe blood-brain barrier.

There have been a number of attempts to protect peptides againstpremature degradation (reviewed in Prokai, 1997, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patent7:233-245, Tamai et al., 1996, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 19:401-424 andZhou et al., 1991, Int. J. Pharm. 75:97-115). One approach includesosmotically altering the blood-brain barrier by infusion of hypertonicsolutions of mannitol, arabinose, lactamide, saline, urea, glycerol andradiographic contrast agents. However, there could be toxic sideeffects.

Another approach involves the use of protease inhibitors (reviewed inZhou et al., 1991, Int. J. Pharm. 75:97-115). This approach has yieldedmixed results.

A third approach has involved the use of absorption enhancers in peptideformulations (reviewed in Zhou et al., 1991, Int. J. Pharm. 75:97-115).Examples include fatty acids and bile salts. However, varying resultshave been obtained regarding efficacies, and the value of a particularenhancer is dependent on the route of administration used.

Another approach for enhancing the absorption of peptides involveschemically modifying the peptide by, for example, attaching aliphophilic moiety. It has also been found that attaching a pyroglutamylresidue at the N-terminal end can render a compound relatively resistantto hydrolysis. Tamai et al., 1996, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 19:401-404,discloses that E2078, a dynorphin analog, was chemically modified tomake it more stable to enzyme degradation by adding an N-methyl group atthe amino-terminus of Arg and replacing D-Leu with L-Leu and addingethylamine at the carboxy-terminal.

A different approach involves the formation of chimeric peptides. Thisapproach involves coupling the peptide that is not normally transportedthrough the blood-brain barrier to peptide or protein “vectors” thatundergo receptor-mediated or adsorptive-mediated transcytosis.

WO 98/22577 discloses a method for increasing the resistance of a “coreprotein” to proteolytic degradation by linking or inserting a“stabilizing polypeptide” having the formula[(Gly_(a))X(Gly_(b))Y(Gly_(c))Z]n. X, Y, and Z may be alanine, serine,valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, andthreonine.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,719 discloses molecules comprising protein fragmentshomologous to an active region of protein fragments capable ofstimulating nerve growth (neuronotrophic proteins such as epidermalgrowth factor, tubulin, nerve growth factor, laminin, fibronectin, NCAMand ependymin) no greater than 80 amino acids long connected to asecondary molecule which can be a second protein fragment derived fromthe original protein, from another protein or from a non-proteinaceousmoiety. This secondary molecule facilitates the transport of the peptideacross the blood-brain barrier. It is stated in column 3, lines 3-7,“Upon entering the central nervous system, prodrug can remain intact orthe chemical linkage between the carrier and the protein fragment may behydrolyzed thereby separating the carrier from the fragment to releasethe nerve growth-stimulating fragment.” A preferred method forfacilitating the coupling of the secondary molecule to the proteinfragment is via one or more basic amino acids, preferably a pair of Lysresidues, an Arg residue, or Arg-Lys.

Fawell et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 664-668 discloseschemically crosslinking various Tat peptide fragments toB-galactosidase, RNase A, and domain III of Pseudomonas exotoxin A.These included Tat-(37-72), Tat-(37-58) and Tat-(47-58). All of thesepeptides appeared to promote uptake of galactosidase, RNase A, anddomain III into cells. It was stated that this is the basic region ofTat. Conjugates containing poly (L-lysine) or poly (L-arginine) were nottaken up by the cells.

WO 97/24445 discloses fusion proteins of albumin and growth hormone orvariants thereof. It is stated in the specification that variants ofalbumin should have the oncotic, ligand-binding, and non-immunogenicproperties of full-length albumin and that variants of growth hormoneshould have its non-immunogenicity and ability to bind and activate thegrowth hormone receptor. Further, it is stated that the albumin variantwill be at least 100 amino acids long and that the growth hormonevariant should have growth hormone activity and will generally have atleast 10 amino acids.

WO98/28427 discloses an Fc-OB fusion protein. Fc is an immunoglobulinfragment and OB is leptin. It has been found that such conjugates aremore stable than OB alone. The Fc fragment is 378 amino acids in length.The Fc fragment can be conjugated directly or via a linker to OB or anOB fragment.

Another approach involves preparing peptide analogs with increasedstability and/or activity by adding a peptide tail. Greene et al., J.Pharm. Exp. Therap. 277:1366-1375, discloses results of studies withvarious enkephalin analog prodrugs of [D-Pen², D-Pen⁵] enkephalin(DPDPE) and [D-Pen², L-Cys⁵] enkephalin (DPLCE) (SEQ ID NO: 1),specifically DPLCE-Arg-Pro-Ala (SEQ ID NO: 2), DPDPE-Phe (SEQ ID NO: 3),DPLCE-Phe (SEQ ID NO: 4), DPDPE-Arg-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 5), DPLCE-Arg-Gly(SEQ ID NO: 6), DPDPE-Phe-Ala-NH—C₆H₁₃ (SEQ ID NO: 7),DPDPE-Phe-Ala-CONH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 7). The half-lives of most of theanalogs, except for DPDPE-Arg-Gly are less than the parent compounds. Itis stated on page 1372, column 2 that “the ideal CNS-targeted prodrugwould have a long half-life in the serum and a short half-life in thebrain.” U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,229 discloses vasopressin antagonists, whichhave a tripeptide side chain having three basic amino acids, such asarginine, lysine, or ornithine that have potent antagonistic activity.U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,124, discloses vasopressin antagonists, which have adipeptide side chain having two amino acids, one of which has potentvasopressin antagonistic activity.

In the international patent application PCT/DK97/00376 (Bjarne DueLarsen and Arne Holm), prodrugs of pharmacologically active peptides aredescribed, wherein the pharmacologically active peptide is coupled atits C terminus to a peptide pre-sequence via a linker, the linkertypically being an α-hydroxy carboxylic acid. These special peptidederivatives were found to have a prolonged half-life in the presence ofproteolytic enzymes such as carboxypeptidase A, leucine aminopeptidase,pepsin A and α-chymotrypsin. In addition, PCT/DK97/00376 discloses (asreference compounds) four different peptides equipped with a peptidepre-sequence but without a linker, namely DSIP-(Lys-Glu)₃ (SEQ ID NO:8), DSIP-(Glu)₆ (SEQ ID NO: 9), Leu-enkephalin-(Glu)₆ (SEQ ID NO: 10),and Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆ (SEQ ID NO: 11).

It is evident that there is a need for a peptide conjugate whichcontains a pharmacologically active peptide and a stabilising proteinthat is relatively simple to synthesize, retains its activity evenwithout removing the stabilising peptide, is stable in plasma or serumand is relatively resistant to enzyme degradation. Therefore, it is anobject of the invention to provide a peptide conjugate comprising apharmacologically active peptide and stabilising peptide that isrelatively resistant to enzyme degradation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Peptide Conjugates

In the present context, the term “amino acid residue” as used inconnection with X means any naturally occurring or synthetic α, β, orγ-amino acid (whether in the L-form or the D-form) as well as side-chainmodified amino acids such as modified tyrosines wherein the aromaticring is further substituted with e.g., one or more halogens, sulfonogroups, nitro groups etc., and/or the phenol group is converted into anester group, etc, including side-chain protected amino acids, whereinthe amino acid side-chains are protected in accordance with methodsknown to the person skilled in peptide chemistry, such as described in,e.g., M. Bodanszky and A. Bodanszky, “The Practice of PeptideSynthesis,” 2. Ed, Springer-Verlag, 1994, and J. Jones, “The ChemicalSynthesis of Peptides,” Clarendon Press, 1991.

In the present context, the term “pharmacologically active peptidesequence” or “free peptide” as applied to X is intended to mean anypeptide or peptide-containing structure, either naturally occurring orsynthetic which is therapeutically or prophylactically active withoutthe stabilising sequence Z covalently bound thereto. As defined herein,a peptide sequence is “therapeutically active” if it can be used for thetreatment, remission, or attenuation of a disease state, physiologicalcondition, symptoms or etiological indication(s) or evaluation ordiagnosis thereof. A peptide sequence is “prophylactically active” if itcan be used to prevent a disease state, physiological condition,symptoms or etiological indications. A pharmacologically active agent isalso physiologically or biologically active. Pharmacological activitymeasures the effect of a substance (peptide) on physiological orbiological systems in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo and may be assayedusing standard in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo assays known in the art fora particular peptide or a peptide with a similar physiological function

Peptides are utilised in a number of processes, e.g., cell-to-cellcommunication, some being present in the autonomic and central nervoussystem. Some of the latter peptides, and a number of other peptides,exert important effects on vascular and other smooth muscles. In apreferred embodiment, X has at the most 75 amino acid residues (or astructure corresponding to at the most 75 amino acid residues).Alternatively, X consists of at most 65, 60, 55, 53, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30,25, 20, 15, or at the most 10 amino acid residues and consists of atleast 2, preferably 5, and more preferably 10 amino acid residues.

In the present context, the pharmacologically active peptide sequence Xcan be any peptide which in its native form is present as the C-terminalfree carboxylic acid, such as Leu-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH)(SEQ ID NO: 12), or is present in its native form as a C-terminal amide,such as oxytocin (Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO:13), or is present in its native form as a C-terminal ester.Furthermore, the pharmacologically active peptide may also contain otherspecial structural features such as disulfide bridges as in the caseinsulin.

The pharmacologically active peptide may be selected from the groupconsisting of enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin (SEQ ID NO: 12),Met-enkephalin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, vasopressin, endothelin,vasoactive intestinal peptide, neurotensin, endorphins, insulin,gramicidin, paracelsin, delta-sleep inducing peptide,gonadotropin-releasing hormone (SEQ ID NO: 115), human parathyroidhormone (1-34), truncated erythropoietin analogues described in Wrightonet al., 1996, Science 273:458-463), specifically EMP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 117),Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, ANF), human brain natriuretic peptide(hBNP), cecropin, kinetensin, neurophysins, elafin, guamerin,atriopeptin I, atriopeptin II, atriopeptin III, deltorphin I, deltorphinII, vasotocin, bradykinin, dynorphin, dynorphin A, dynorphin B, growthhormone release factor, growth hormone, growth hormone releasingpeptide, oxytocin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide,calcitonin gene-related peptide II, growth hormone releasing peptide,tachykinin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), brain natriureticpolypeptide, cholecystokinin, corticotropin releasing factor, diazepambinding inhibitor fragment, FMRF-amide, galanin, gastric releasingpolypeptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, gastrin, gastrin releasingpeptide, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2,LHRH, melanin concentrating hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH), alpha-MSH, morphine modulating peptides, motilin, neurokinin A,neurokinin B, neuromedin B, neuromedin C, neuromedin K, neuromedin N,neuromedin U, neuropeptide K, neuropeptide Y, pituitary adenylatecyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), pancreatic polypeptide, peptideYY, peptide histidine-methionine amide (PHM), secretin, somatostatin,substance K, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), kyotorphin,melanostatin (MIF-1), thrombopoeitin analogs, in particular AF 12505(Ile-Glu-Gly-Pro-Thr-Leu-Arg-Gln-Trp-Leu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala) (SEQ ID NO:14), insulin-like growth factor I (57-70)(Ala-Leu-Leu-Glu-Thr-Tyr-Cys-Ala-Thr-Pro-Ala-Lys-Ser-Glu) (SEQ ID NO:15), insulin-like growth factor I (30-41)(Gly-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Ser-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Pro-Gln-Thr) (SEQ ID NO: 16),insulin-like growth factor I (24-41)(Tyr-Phe-Asn-Lys-Pro-Thr-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Ser-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Pro-Gln-Thr)(SEQ ID NO: 17), insulin-like growth factor II (33-40)(Ser-Arg-Val-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ser-Arg) (SEQ ID NO: 18), insulin-like growth[tyro] factor II (33-40) (Tyr-Ser-Arg-Val-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ser-Arg) (SEQ IDNO: 19), insulin-like growth factor II (69-84)(Asp-Val-Ser-Thr-Pro-Pro-Thr-Val-Leu-Pro-Asp-Asn-Phe-Pro-Arg-Tyr) (SEQID NO: 20), growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6)(His-DTrp-Ala-Trp-DPhe-Lys-NH2) (SEQ ID NO: 21), beta-Interleukin I(163-171) (Val-Gln-Gly-Glu-Glu-Ser-Asn-Asp-Lys) (SEQ ID NO: 22),beta-Interleukin II (44-56)(Ile-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ile-Asn-Asn-Tyr-Lys-Asn-Pro-Lys-Leu) (SEQ ID NO: 23),Interleukin II (60-70) (Leu-Thr-Phe-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Met-Pro-Lys-Lys-Ala)(SEQ ID NO: 24), exendin-4 (GLP-1 analog)(His-Gly-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2)(SEQ ID NO: 25), exendin-3 (GLP-1 analog)(His-Ser-Asp-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser)(SEQ ID NO: 26), [Cys(Acm)20,31] epidermal growth factor (20-31)Cys(Acm)-Met-His-Ile-Glu-Ser-Leu-Asp-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Cys(Acm) (SEQ ID NO:27), bivalirudin (Hirulog)(D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Pro-(Gly)4-Asn-Gly-Asp-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Leu)(SEQ ID NO: 28), hirulog-1D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Pro-(Gly)4-Asn-Gly-Asp-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Tyr-Leu(SEQ ID NO: 29), C-type natriuretic peptide (1-53) (CNP)(Asp-Leu-Arg-Val-Asp-Thr-Lys-Ser-Arg-Ala-Ala-Trp-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Glu-His-Pro-Asn-Ala-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Lys-Gly-Ala-Asn-Lys-Lys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly-Leu-Lys-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys;Disulfide bridge: Cys37-Cys53) (SEQ ID NO:30), “Mini ANP”(Met-Cys-His-cyclohexylAla-Gly-Gly-Arg-Met-Asp-Arg-Ile-Ser-Cys-Tyr-Arg,disulfide bridge cys2-cys13) (SEQ ID NO: 31), Melanotan-II (also knownas MT-II, alpha-MSH4-10-NH2, orAc-Nle4-Asp5-His6-D-Phe7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys10) (SEQ ID NO: 32), thymosinalpha1 (TA 1)(Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn)(SEQ ID NO: 33), ornipressin (also known as 8-ornithine-vasopressin,(POR-8), [Phe2,Ile3,Orn8]vasopressin),Cys-Phe-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Orn-Gly-NH₂, Disulfide bridge: Cys1-Cys6)(SEQ ID NO: 34), octreotide (201-995)(DPhe-Cys-Phe-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-ol; disulfide bridge: Cys2-Cys7) (SEQID NO: 35), eptifibatide (INTEGRILIN), calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)(Ala-Cys-Asp-Thr-Ala-Thr-Cys-Val-Thr-His-Arg-Leu-Ala-Gly-Leu-Leu-Ser-Arg-Ser-Gly-Gly-Val-Val-Lys-Asn-Asn-Phe-Val-Pro-Thr-Asn-Val-Gly-Ser-Lys-Ala-Phe-NH₂;Disulfide bridge: Cys2-Cys7) (SEQ ID NO: 36), endomorphin-1Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 37); endomorphin-2 Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH₂(SEQ ID NO: 38), nociceptin (also known as Orphanin FQ,Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe-Thr-Gly-Ala-Arg-Lys-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Ala-Asn-Gln)(SEQ ID NO: 39), angiotensinogen (1-13)(Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His) (SEQ ID NO: 40),adrenomodullin (1-12) (Tyr-Arg-Gln-Ser-Met-Asn-Asn-Phe-Gln-Gly-Leu-Arg)(SEQ ID NO: 41), antiarrhytmic peptide (AAP) (Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Ala-Gly)(SEQ ID NO: 42), Antagonist G (Arg-DTrp-(nMe)Phe-DTrp-Leu-Met-NH₂),indolicidin (Ile-Leu-Pro-Trp-Lys-Trp-Pro-Trp-Trp-Pro-Trp-Arg-Arg-NH₂)(SEQ ID NO: 43), osteocalcin (37-49)(Gly-Phe-Gln-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Val) (SEQ ID NO: 44),cortistatin 29 (1-13)(Glp)-Glu-Arg-Pro-Pro-Leu-Gln-Gln-Pro-Pro-His-Arg-Asp) (SEQ ID NO: 45),cortistatin 14 (Pro-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Ser-Ser-Cys-Lys;Disulfide bridge: Cys2-Cys13) (SEQ ID NO: 46), PD-145065(Ac-D-Bhg-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Trp) (SEQ ID NO: 47), PD-142893(Ac-D-Dip-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Trp) (SEQ ID NO: 48), fibrinogen bindinginhibitor peptide (His-His-Leu-Gly-Gly-Ala-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Asp-Val) (SEQID NO: 49), leptin (93-105)(Asn-Val-Ile-Gln-Ile-Ser-Asn-Asp-Leu-Glu-Asn-Leu-Arg) (SEQ ID NO: 50),GR 83074 (Boc-Arg-Ala-DTrp-Phe-DPro-Pro-Nle-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 51),Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 52), parathyroid hormonerelated peptide (107-111) (Thr-Arg-Ser-Ala-Trp) (SEQ ID NO: 53),angiotensinogen (1-14)(Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-Asn) (SEQ ID NO:54), Leupeptin (Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-CHO), and any modified or truncatedanalogue thereof.

It is well known that many pharmacologically active peptides also exerttheir desired pharmaceutical effect when present in a modified ortruncated form. In the case of, for example, insulin, porcine insulindiffers from human insulin by only one amino acid residue, the B30 aminoacid in porcine insulin being Ala and the B30 amino acid in humaninsulin being Thr. Despite this difference, porcine insulin has beenused as an effective diabetes drug for many years. In a similar way ithas been found that the essential features for activity in theheptadecapeptide porcine gastrin I are all contained in the C-terminaltetrapeptide and that essentially all pharmaceutical effects ofneurotensin are associated with the C-terminal hexapeptide. Furthermore,pharmacologically active peptides, wherein one or more amide bonds havebeen modified, e.g., reduced, often exhibit a similar or even enhancedpharmaceutical activity; for example the Cys² φ[CH₂NH]Tyr³ analogue ofsomatostatin was found to be an even more potent growth hormonereleasing agent than somatostatin itself, and also the transition stateanalogue Leu¹⁰φ[CH(OH)CH₂]Val¹¹ of angiotensin has been found to showstrong inhibitory effect against the aspartic acid protease renin. Thus,the term “modified or truncated analogue thereof” is intended to meansuch peptides are modified by changing and/or deleting one or more aminoacid residues in the sequence of the native peptide, includingmodification of the side-chain, stereochemistry, and backbone in theindividual amino acid residues, such as changing one or more peptidebonds (—C(═O)—NH—) into reduced forms such as CH(OH)—N—), (—CH₂—N—), andother peptide bond mimetics such as (—C(═O)—N(CH₃)—), (—C(═O)—O),(—C(═O)—CH₂—), (—CH═CH—), (—PO₂—NH—), (SO—CH₂—), (SO₂—N—), etc.

This being said, it should be understood that the peptide sequence X inquestion should preferably comprise at least one peptide bond(preferably at least two peptide bonds (this naturally does not applyfor a dipeptide)) susceptible to enzymatic degradation in order to fullytake advantage of the present invention.

In the present context, the term “C₁₋₆-alkyl” used alone or as part ofanother group designates a straight, branched or cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group having from one to six carbon atoms, such as methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec.butyl, tert.butyl,n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, etc.

In the present context, the term “C₂₋₆-alkenyl” designates a hydrocarbongroup having from two to six carbon atoms, which may be straight,branched, or cyclic and may contain one or more double bonds, such asvinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl,4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, cyclohexenyl,2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl etc., which may have cis and/or transconfiguration.

The term “aryl” is intended to mean an aromatic, carbocyclic group suchas phenyl or naphtyl.

The term “heteroaryl” includes 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclicheterocyclic groups containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen,oxygen and sulphur, such as pyrrolyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadizolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl,triazolyl, pyridyl, and aromatic bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, such asquinolinyl.

The term “halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The peptide sequence Z is the part of the peptide conjugate responsiblefor introduction and/or stabilisation of a certain secondary structureinto the molecule, which will render the compound more stable towardsdegradation by proteases. It is believed that Z needs to include atleast 4 amino acid residues in order to introduce such a stabilisingstructural element. On the other hand it is also believed that asequence of more than around 20 amino acid residues will not improvedthe stability further. Thus, Z is typically a peptide sequence of 4-20amino acid residues, e.g., in the range of 4-15, more preferably in therange of 4-10 in particular in the range of 4-7 amino acid residues,e.g., of 4, 5, 6 or 7 amino acid residues. When Z is conjugated to X,the half-life of said peptide conjugate when treated withcarboxypeptidase A or leucine aminopeptidase in about 50 mM phosphatebuffer solution at about pH 7.4 at about 37° C. or in plasma or serum isat least about 2, preferably at least about 3, such as at least about 5,more preferably at least about 7, such as at least about 9, e.g., atleast about 10 more than the half-life of X when not conjugated to Z.Furthermore, when the pharmacologically active peptide X is not orallyabsorbed, the conjugate is orally absorbed.

Each of the amino acid residues in the peptide sequence Z areindependently selected from Ala, Leu, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu,Lys, Arg, H is, Met, Orn, and amino acids of the formula I as definedherein such as diaminobutanoic acid or diaminopropanoic acid.Preferably, the amino acid residues are selected from Ser, Thr, Tyr,Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, His, Orn, and Met, more preferably fromGlu, Lys, and Met, especially Lys. The above-mentioned amino acids mayhave either D- or L-configuration, but preferably the above-mentionedamino acids have an L-configuration. As the pharmacologically activepeptide sequence X usually consists exclusively of L-amino acids, itmust be expected, in order to preserve a possible stabilising helixstructure of the entire peptide conjugate, that a peptide sequence Zconsisting only or principally of L-amino acids will be advantageouscompared to a peptide sequence Z consisting only or principally ofD-amino acids. Furthermore, it is envisaged that a peptide sequence Zconsisting only or principally of D-amino acids may exert toxicologicaleffects due to the resistance of D-peptides and D-amino acids towardsbiodegradation.

Thus, illustrative examples of the peptide sequence Z are:Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 55), Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys, Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys,Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys, Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa, Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys,Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa,Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa,Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 56),Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 57), Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO:58), Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 59), Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 60), Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 61), Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys,Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys, Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa,Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys, Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys, Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa,Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa,Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa,Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys,Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa, Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys,Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa,Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa,Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 62), Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 63), Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 64),Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 65), Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 66), Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 67),Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 68), Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 69), Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 70),Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 71), Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 72), Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 73),Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 74), Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 75), Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 76),Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 77), Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 78), Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 79),Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 80), Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys (SEQ IDNO: 81), Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 82),Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 83), Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys,Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys, Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys,Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys,Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa,Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa,Xaa-Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa, Lys-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa,Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa, Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa,Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Lys-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa,Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys,Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys,Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys, Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa,Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa,Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys,Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa,Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys,Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa, Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys-Xaa,Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys-Xaa,Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Lys, Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Lys,Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa,Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa-Xaa,Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys-Xaa, Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Lys,Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, wherein each Xaa is independently selected fromthe group consisting of Ala, Leu, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu,Arg, H is, Met, Orn, and amino acids of the formula I as defined herein,e.g., Dbu or Dpr.

The stabilising peptide sequence Z may in one embodiment, have anoverall charge in the range from about 0 to +15, preferably in the rangefrom 0 to +10, e.g., from 0 to +8, in particular from about 0 to +6,such as from about 0 to +4, e.g., from 0 to +3, at pH 7. Without beingbound by any specific theory, it is envisaged that the non-negativecharge at the stabilising peptide sequence Z may also to some extendfacilitate transportation to and over cell membranes which possess anegative potential at the extracellular site. Thus, in order to secure anon-negative overall charge on the stabilising peptide sequence Z, thepeptide sequence Z preferably comprises at least one Lys amino acidresidue, more preferably at least two Lys amino acid residues, such asat least three Lys amino acid residues, e.g., at least four Lys aminoacid residues, even more preferably at least five Lys amino acidresidues, such as at least six Lys amino acid residues.

As indicated above, the amino acid residues of Z may of course all bedifferent or all be identical. However, in interesting embodiments ofthe present invention, the amino acid residues in Z are selected fromtwo or three different amino acids, or are identical amino acids.Examples of suitable peptide sequences, wherein the amino acid residuesin Z are identical are e.g., (Lys)_(n), wherein n is an integer in therange from 4 to 15, preferably in the range from 4 to 10, such as in therange from 4 to 8, e.g., in the range from about 4 to 6, e.g., Lys₄ (SEQID NO: 55), Lys₅ (SEQ ID NO: 57), or Lys₆ (SEQ ID NO: 62). Examples ofsuitable peptide sequences, wherein the amino acid residues in Z areselected from about two different amino acids are e.g.,, (Lys-Xaa)_(m)or (Xaa-Lys)_(m), wherein m is an integer in the range from about 2 to7, preferably in the range from 2 to 5, such as in the range from 2 to4, e.g., 3, and Xaa is independently selected from the group consistingof Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Arg, His, Orn, 2,4-diaminobutanoicacid, 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid and Met. More preferably such peptidesequences are e.g., (Lys-Xaa)₃ or (Xaa-Lys)₃, wherein Xaa is as definedabove, such as (Lys-Glu)₃ (SEQ ID NO: 84) or (Glu-Lys)₃ (SEQ ID NO: 85).Other examples of suitable peptide sequences, wherein the amino acidresidues in Z are selected from about two amino acid residues are e.g.,Lys_(p)-Xaa_(q) or Xaa_(p)-Lys_(q), wherein p and q are integers in therange from 1 to 14, with the proviso that p+q is in the range from 4 to15, preferably in the range from 4 to 10, such as in the range from 4 to8, e.g., in the range from 4 to 6, e.g., 4, 5 or 6, and Xaa isindependently selected from the group consisting of Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn,Gln, Asp, Glu, Arg, His and Met. More preferably such peptide sequencesare e.g., Lys₃-Xaa₃ or Xaa₃-Lys₃, wherein Xaa is as defined above, suchas Lys₃-Glu₃ (SEQ ID NO: 86) or Glu₃-Lys₃ (SEQ ID NO: 87).

Examples of suitable peptide sequences, wherein the amino acid residuesin Z are selected from three different amino acids are e.g.,Xaa¹-(Lys)_(n)-(Xaa²)_(y), Xaa¹-(Xaa²)_(x)-(Lys)_(y),(Lys)_(x)-(Xaa²)_(y)-Xaa¹, (Xaa¹)_(x)-(Lys)_(y)-Xaa²,(Lys)_(x)-Xaa¹-(Xaa²)_(y), (Xaa¹)_(x)-Xaa²-(Lys)_(y, Xaa)¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa², Xaa-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys,Xaa¹-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa², Xaa¹-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, Xaa¹-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²,Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa -Lys-Xaa¹,Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹,etc., wherein x and y are integers in the range from about 1 to 4 withthe proviso that x+y is at the most 5, and Xaa¹ and Xaa² isindependently selected from about the group consisting of Ala, Leu, Ser,Thr, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Arg, H is, Met, Orn, 2,3-diaminopropanoicacid, 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid and amino acids of the formula I asdefined herein.

With respect to the peptide sequence Z, it is envisaged that thespecific amino acid residues mentioned as constituents of the peptidesequence Z, i.e. Ala, Leu, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg,His, Met, Orn, 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (Dpr), 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid(Dbu) and amino acid residues of the formula I as defined herein, areamino acid residues which, due to their sterical arrangement around theα-carbon atom, and probably also due to a specific electronicconfiguration, have certain preferences for participating in, or evenstabilising or initiating, helix-like structures. The Chou-Fasmanapproach (Chou, P. Y. & Fasman, G. D. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47, 251-276(1978)) is one attempt to quantify (empirically) the likelihood for aspecific amino acid residue to be involved in an α-helix structure(expressed as the “Conformational parameter P_(α)”) Chou and Fasman'sstudies and related studies have, however, shown that amino acidresidues which have a low parameter P_(α), may be found in α-helices,but of course not as often as amino acid residues having a higher P_(α).Thus, in the peptide sequence Z, it is considered possible to include asmall proportion of amino acid residues which are not among the aminoacid residues selected above as constituents of Z, and still obtain thedesired effect from the peptide sequence Z, in that the selected aminoacid residues are believed to compensate for any negative or neutraleffect of such an alternative amino acid residue.

In a specific embodiment, Z is (Dbu)_(n) or (Dpr)_(n), wherein n is aninteger in the range from about 4 to 15, preferably in the range fromabout 4 to 10, such as in the range from about 4 to 8, e.g., in therange from about 4 to 6. In a most specific embodiment, Z is Dpr₆.

Thus, in embodiments that are within the scope of the present invention,it may be realistic to include up to 25% of amino acid residues whichare not among the amino acids preferred as constituents of Z. (“25%percent” refers to the number of amino acid residues, i.e. noalternative amino acid residues are allowed in di- and tripeptides, upto one alternative amino acid residue is allowed in tetra-, penta-,hexa-, and heptapeptides, up to two alternative amino acid residues areallowed in octapeptides, etc.). Such alternative amino acid residues maybe selected from Val, Ile, Pro, Phe, Gly, Trp, as well as N-methyl aminoacid residues, however, preferably not Pro, Gly and N-methyl amino acidresidues. Moreover, the C-terminal of Z may be in the form of the freeacid, the amide, or an ester, e.g., methyl ester, ethyl ester, benzylester, etc., depending on the type of solid support material andcleavage conditions used in connection with the syntheses of the peptideconjugates as will be clear to the person skilled in the art. TheN-terminal may be in the form of the free amine or a lactam.

The stabilising peptide sequence Z may be bound to the C-terminal or theN-terminal of the pharmacologically active peptide sequence, X, or twopeptide sequences may be bound individually to both the C- andN-terminal of X. In case the native pharmacologically active peptide Xpossesses a free C-terminal carboxylic acid (as in the case ofLeu-enkephalin), the peptide sequence Z may be attached to either theC-terminal of the peptide X or to the N-terminal of the peptide X, orthe C- and N-terminal of X may both be bound to each individual peptidesequence Z. Alternatively, Z may be bound to the nitrogen atom on theside chain of lysine, histidine or arginine or a carbonyl function onthe side chain of glutamic acid or aspartic acid anywhere within thepeptide sequence X. In one embodiment, Z may be attached to X within thesequence and to the N- an/or C-terminal of X. Whether the sequenceshould be attached to the peptide sequence X at its C-terminal, at itsN-terminal, or both, or within the peptide sequence X depends on thespecific peptide X and the pharmaceutical function that said peptide Xexerts and can be easily determined by the person skilled in the art. Insome cases, the biological or physiological activity may dependcrucially on the negative charge at the C-terminal of thepharmacologically active peptide X. Accordingly, in such cases, theactivities and consequently pharmacological effect of X may beobstructed by blocking the negative charge on the C-terminal of thepharmacologically active peptide X and it may therefore be advantageousto attach the peptide sequence Z to the N-terminal of the peptide X. Ina similar way, in cases where the pharmacologically active peptide X ispresent in its native form as a C-terminal amide (such as oxytocin), itmay be advantageous to attach the stabilising peptide sequence Z to theN-terminus of the peptide X if it is believed that the amide group hasan important pharmacological function. Thus, it should be understoodthat any peptide sequences corresponding to pharmacologically activepeptides X having a free C-terminal carboxyl group as well as peptidescorresponding to pharmacologically active peptides X having a C-terminalamide or ester group may be used in the peptide conjugates of theinvention. However, in an interesting embodiment of the invention thepeptide sequence Z is attached to the C-terminal of thepharmacologically active peptide X (whether X in its native form is afree carboxylic acid, an amide or an ester).

It should be understood that the peptide conjugates of the inventionmight also be in the form of a salt thereof. Salts includepharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as acid addition salts and basicsalts. Examples of acid addition salts are hydrochloride salts, sodiumsalts, calcium salts, potassium salts, etc. Examples of basic salts aresalts where the cation is selected from alkali metals, such as sodiumand potassium, alkaline earth metals, such as calcium, and ammonium ions⁺N(R³)₃(R⁴), where R³ and R⁴ independently designates optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆-alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆-alkenyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl. Other examplesof pharmaceutically acceptable salts are; e.g., those described in“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” 17. Ed. Alfonso R. Gennaro (Ed.),Mark Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., U.S.A., 1985 and more recenteditions, and in Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology.

In a most specific embodiment, the peptide conjugate is selected fromthe group consisting of (SEQ ID NO: 88)H-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Gly-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln- Asp-Ile-Met-SerArg-Gln-Gln-Gly-Glu-Ser-Asn-Gln-Glu-Arg-Gly-Ala-Arg-Ala-Arg-Leu-Lys₆-NH₂ (GHRH (1-44)(Human)-Lys₆-NH₂);(SEQ ID NO: 89) H-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Gly-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln- Asp-Ile-Met-SerArg-Gln-Gln-Gly-Glu-Ser-Asn-Gln-Glu-Arg-Gly-Ala-Arg-Ala-Arg-Leu-Glu₆-NH₂ (GHRH (1-44)(Human)-Glu₆-NH₂);(SEQ ID NO: 90) H- Lys₆-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe- OH(Lys₆-PTH(1-34)(Human)-OH); (SEQ ID NO: 91)H-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-Lys₆-OH(PTH(1-34)(Human)-Lys₆-OH); (SEQ ID NO: 92)H-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-Lys₆-OH (GLP-1-(7-36) (Human)-Lys₆-OH); (SEQ IDNO: 93) H-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys(Acm)-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys(Acm)-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-Lys₆- OH (EMP-1-Lys₆-OH);(SEQ ID NO: 94) H- Lys₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys(Acm)-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys(Acm)-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly- OH (Lys₆-EMP-1-OH);(SEQ ID NO: 95) H- Lys₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys(Acm)-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys(Acm)-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly- Lys₆-OH (Lys₆-EMP-1-Lys₆-OH); (SEQ ID NO: 96) H-Aib-His-2-D-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-(Lys)₆-NH₂ (GHRP-(Lys)₆-NH₂); (SEQ ID NO: 97)H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys--OH(Leu-enkephalin-Lys-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys-OH); (SEQ ID NO: 98)H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys--OH(Leu-enkephalin-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys-OH); (SEQ ID NO: 99)H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys--OH(Leu-enkephalin-(Lys-Glu)₃; (SEQ ID NO: 100)H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dpr)₆-OH (Leu-enkephalin- (Dpr)₆-OH); (SEQ ID NO:101) H-Lys₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (H-Lys₆-Leu- enkephalin); (SEQ ID NO:11) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu- Lys₆-OH (H-Leu-enkephalin- Lys₆); (SEQ ID NO:102) H-Lys₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys₆-OH (H-Lys₆-Leu-enkephalin-Lys₆-OH); (SEQ ID NO: 103)Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH (GnRH-Lys₆-OH); (SEQID NO: 104) Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-(Lys- Glu)₃-OH(GnRH-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH); and (SEQ ID NO: 105)H-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-(Lys- Glu)₃-OH (PTH 1-34human-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH).

As explained above, the peptide sequence Z is the part of the peptideconjugate responsible for introducing of a certain structure into themolecule, which will render the compound more stable towardsprotease-catalysed degradation. Therefore, the present invention alsorelates to the use of a stabilising peptide sequence Z as defined abovefor the preparation of a pharmacologically active peptide conjugate asdefined above.

As mentioned previously, the routes of administration ofpharmacologically active peptides have thus far been rather limited dueto the fast biodegradation by proteases such as chymotrypsin, trypsin,carboxypeptidase A, pepsin, leucine aminopeptidase, etc. Thus, therequirements to the pharmacologically active peptide conjugates suitablefor the demanding purpose is that on the one hand, the peptide conjugateshould, at least to some extend, be able to resist protease-catalysedhydrolysis, and one the other hand, the peptide conjugate should still,at least to some extend, be able to exert the desired pharmaceuticaleffect normally provided by the free peptide X.

On this basis, in vitro assays have been developed which give anassessment of the capacity of a peptide conjugate to exert the desiredproperties. Such assays, as well as the results thereof, are illustratedin the examples. These types of assays are excellent preliminary testswhich can be easily performed by the person skilled in the art to assessthe suitability of any given peptide conjugate prepared according to theprinciples disclosed herein.

Thus, the tendency of the pharmacologically active peptide conjugates ofthe invention to resist protease-catalysed hydrolysis can be measureddirectly by the in vitro enzyme assays shown in the examples. Thetendency of the peptide conjugate to resist degradation can for examplebe expressed as a pseudo-first-order rate constant and/or as thehalf-life of said peptide conjugates, which can then be compared to thecorresponding values of the free peptide X.

As will be apparent from the examples provided herein, it has been foundthat it is possible to obtain a remarkable increase in the half-life(t_(1/2)) of a pharmacologically active peptide sequence by conjugatingthe peptide (X) in question with a stabilising peptide sequence (Z)according to the invention.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ratio between thehalf-life of the peptide conjugate in question in the “Hydrolysis inenzyme solution test,” as defined herein, and the half-life of thecorresponding free peptide (X), in the “Hydrolysis in enzyme solutiontest,” is at least about 2, preferably at least about 3, such as atleast about 5, more preferably at least about 10, especially at leastabout 20, such as at least about 50, e.g., at least about 100, whenusing carboxypeptidase A or leucine aminopeptidase.

Although the proteases carboxypeptidase A and leucine aminopeptidasehave been used in the tests described herein, it is envisaged that theability of the peptide conjugates to resist protease degradation mayalso be tested in identical or similar test systems using other endo- orexopeptidases, such as trypsin, or mixtures of such peptidases, e.g.,artificial gastric juice.

Furthermore, the ability of the peptide conjugates of the invention toexert the desired pharmaceutical effect was tested in various in vitroand in vivo assay procedures disclosed herein. Thus, preferred peptideconjugates are such conjugates, which exert some pharmaceutical effect,preferably a similar and in some cases even an enhanced pharmaceuticaleffect compared to the pharmacologically active free peptide (X).

As will be understood from examples provided herein, the peptideconjugates of the invention are able to “survive” various proteolyticbarriers present in the gastrointestinal environment. Thus, asdemonstrated in the examples herein, it is possible to administer apharmacologically active peptide conjugate (e.g., orally) as somefraction of the administered peptide conjugate (e.g., at least 1%, 2%,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or even at least 99% of the total amount peptideconjugate administered) is able to enter the blood stream. Therefore,especially interesting peptide conjugates of the invention are suchcompounds which when administered orally in a pharmacologicallyeffective dose (which of course depends on the actual illness ordisorder to be treated and the actual peptide or peptide conjugateselected for said treatment) is present in the blood stream in atherapeutically or prophylactically effective concentration after aperiod of from about 0.1 min to 24 hrs., 0.1 min to 5 hours, e.g., aftera period of from about 0.5 min to 3 hours, such as from about 1 min to 2hours, preferably after a period from about 3 min to 1 hour, such asfrom about 5 min to 1 hour, e.g., from about 10 min to 1 hour, 1 min.-16hrs, 0.1 min-12 hrs. Therapeutically relevant concentrations of saidpeptide conjugates will, of course, depend on the actual illness ordisorder to be treated, and such therapeutically relevant concentrationswill be known to the person skilled in the art.

Moreover, the peptide conjugates of the invention are surprisinglystable in e.g., blood serum and plasma. Thus, preferred peptideconjugates of the invention are such compounds which have a half-life inhuman or mice serum or plasma (optionally containing a buffer to securea certain pH, e.g., a pH at 7.4) at 37° C. of at least about 10 minutes,such as at least about 15 min, e.g., at least about 0.5 h, preferably atleast about 1 h, such as at least about 2 h, e.g., at least about 3 h,more preferably at least about 4 h, such as at least about 5 h, e.g., atleast about 6 h, in particular at least about 12 h, such as at leastabout 24 h, e.g., at least about 36 h.

Especially preferred is where the ratio of half-life of said peptideconjugate and the half-life of the corresponding pharmacologicallyactive peptide sequence, X, in plasma or serum is at least about 2,preferably at least about 3, such as at least about 5, more preferablyat least about 7, such as at least about 9, e.g., at least about 10.

Compositions

The invention also concerns a composition comprising a pharmacologicallyactive peptide conjugate as defined above in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Such compositions may be in a form adapted to oral, subcutaneous,paren-teral (intravenous, intraperitoneal), intramuscular, rectal,epidural, intratracheal, intranasal, dermal, vaginal, buccal, ocularly,direct brain or pulmonary administra-tion, preferably in a form adaptedto oral administration, and such compositions may be prepared in amanner well-known to the person skilled in the art, e.g., as generallydescribed in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” 17. Ed. Alfonso R.Gennaro (Ed.), Mark Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., U.S.A., 1985 andmore recent editions and in the monographs in the “Drugs and thePharmaceutical Sciences” series, Marcel Dekker. The compositions mayappear in conventional forms, for example, capsules, tablets, aerosols,solutions, suspensions or topical applications.

The pharmaceutical carrier or diluent employed may be a conventionalsolid or liquid carrier. Examples of solid carriers are lactose, terraalba, sucrose, cyclodextrin, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia,magnesium stearate, stearic acid or lower alkyl ethers of cellulose.Examples of liquid carriers are syrup, peanut oil, olive oil,phospholipids, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, polyoxyethylene andwater.

Similarly, the carrier or diluent may include any sustained releasematerial known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryldistearate, alone or mixed with a wax.

If a solid carrier is used for oral administration, the preparation maybe tabletted, placed in a hard gelatin capsule in powder or pellet formor it can be in the form of a troche or lozenge. The amount of solidcarrier will vary widely but will usually be from about 25 mg to about 1g.

A typical tablet which may be prepared by conventional tablettingtechniques may contain:

(1) Core: active compound (as free compound or salt thereof) 100 mg;colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil) 1.5 mg; cellulose, microcryst.(Avicel) 70 mg; modified cellulose gum (Ac-Di-Sol) 7.5 mg; magnesiumstearate.

(2) Coating: HPMC approx. 9 mg; *Mywacett 9-40 T approx. 0.9 mg;*acylated monoglyceride used as plasticizer for film coating.

If a liquid carrier is used, the preparation may be in the form of asyrup, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule or sterile injectable liquid suchas an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspension or solution.

For nasal administration, the preparation may contain a conjugate of thepresent invention dissolved or suspended in a liquid carrier, inparticular, an aqueous carrier, for aerosol application. The carrier maycontain additives such as solubilizing agents, e.g., propylene glycol,surfactants such as bile acid salts or polyoxyethylene higher alcoholethers, absorption enhancers such as lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) orcyclodextrin, or preservatives such as parabines.

The composition may also be in a form suited for local or systemicinjection or infusion and may, as such, be formulated with sterile wateror an isotonic saline or glucose solution. The compositions may besterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, which are wellknown in the art. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged foruse or filtered under aseptic conditions and lyophilized, thelyophilized preparation being combined with the sterile aqueous solutionprior to administration. The composition may contain pharmaceuticallyacceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiologicalconditions, such as buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents and thelike, for instance sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride,potassium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.

The invention also concerns a pharmacologically active peptide conjugateas defined above for use in therapy, and the use of a pharmacologicallyactive peptide conjugate as defined above for the manufacture of apharmaceutical composition for use in therapy, e.g., in the treatment ofdisorders in the central nervous system, in vaccine therapy, and in thetreatment of HIV, cancer, diabetes, incontinence, hypertension, amnesia,Alzheimer's disease, fever, depression, sex hormone regulation, eating,schizophrenia, osteoporosis and insomnia, and as analgesics andcontraceptives, and such indications known to be treated by therapycomprising administration of pharmacologically active peptides.

In specific embodiments, a conjugate comprising enkephalin and Z may beused to inhibit neurons from transmitting pain impulses, a conjugatecomprising growth hormone releasing hormone or growth hormone releasingpeptide and Z may be used to stimulate the release of growth hormone,for use in stimulating the release of growth hormone, a conjugatecomprising EMP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 117) and Z may be used to increasehemoglobin levels a conjugate comprising parathyroid hormone and Z maybe used to treat or prevent bone loss, a conjugate comprisingglucagon-like peptide-1 and Z may be used in the treatment of diabetes,a conjugate comprising delta sleep inducing peptide and Z may be usedfor treating sleep disorders and a conjugate comprising gonadotropinreleasing hormone (SEQ ID NO: 115) and Z may be used to regulate sexhormones.

As mentioned above, a major obstacle to the application of peptides asclinically useful drugs is their poor delivery characteristics sincemost peptides are rapidly metabolised by proteolysis at most routes ofadministration. Consequently, a very interesting prospect of the presentinvention is that it is possible to prepare pharmacologically activepeptide conjugates for the treatment of mammals, such as humans, whichare stabilised towards degradation by proteases and, at the same time,are able to exert a pharmaceutical effect in the environment in whichthe free peptide (X) will exhibit a pharmaceutical action. Accordingly,the present invention also relates to the use of a pharmacologicallyactive peptide conjugate as defined above for the manufacture of apharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of acondition or disorder, where the peptide sequence X, when not bound toZ, is able to interact with a receptor (or a receptor system) involvedwith the condition or disorder in question, and where the interactionbetween X, when not bound to Z, and the receptor (or receptor system)has a therapeutic or prophylactic effect on the condition or disorder.Thus, it should be understood that a peptide conjugate of the presentinvention may substitute the corresponding free peptide (X) in e.g.,therapies where the free peptide X is administrated intravenous sincethe peptide conjugates of the invention may be administered in a moreconvenient way, e.g., orally, as said peptide conjugates are able toovercome proteolytic barriers prevailing in the body. In a similar way,the peptide conjugates of the invention may be used in therapies whereit has not previously been possible to use the corresponding freepeptide (X) as X has been readily degraded in or secreted from the body.

Preparation of Conjugates

The peptide conjugates of the invention may be prepared by methods knownper se in the art. Thus, the peptide sequences X and Z may be preparedby standard peptide-preparation techniques such as solution synthesis orMerrifield-type solid phase synthesis.

In one possible synthesis strategy, the peptide conjugates of theinvention may be prepared by solid phase synthesis by first constructingthe peptide sequence Z using well-known standard protection, couplingand deprotection procedures, thereafter sequentially coupling thepharmacologically active sequence X on Z in a manner similar to theconstruction of Z, and finally cleaving off the entire peptide conjugatefrom the carrier. This strategy yields a peptide conjugate, wherein thestabilising peptide sequence Z is covalently bound to thepharmacologically active peptide X at the C-terminal carbonyl functionof X. If the desired peptide conjugate, however, is a peptide conjugate,wherein two stabilising sequences Z are covalently and independentlybound to both the C— and the N-terminal of the pharmacologically activepeptide X, the above strategy is also applicable but, as will beunderstood by the person skilled in the art, before cleaving the off theC-terminal bound peptide conjugate from the solid support, it isnecessary to sequentially couple the second stabilising peptide sequenceZ to the N-terminal of X in a manner similar to the procedure describedabove. This strategy may also be used to attach Z to the carbonylfunction on the side chain of Glu or Asp.

A possible strategy for the preparation of peptide conjugates, whereinthe stabilising peptide sequence Z is covalently bound to the N-terminalnitrogen atom or covalently bound to the nitrogen atom on the side chainof Lys, Arg or His of X is analogous with the method described above,i.e. said peptide conjugates may be prepared by solid phase synthesis byfirst constructing the pharmacologically active peptide sequence X usingwell-known standard protection, coupling and deprotection procedures,thereafter sequentially coupling the stabilising peptide sequence Z on Xin a manner similar to the construction of X, and finally cleaving offthe entire peptide conjugate from the carrier.

Another possible strategy is to prepare one or both of the two sequencesX and Z (or parts thereof) separately by solution synthesis, solid phasesynthesis, recombinant techniques, or enzymatic synthesis, followed bycoupling of the two sequences by well-known segment condensationprocedures, either in solution or using solid phase techniques or acombination thereof. In one embodiment, X may be prepared by recombinantDNA methods and Z may be prepared by solid phase synthesis. Theconjugation of X and Z may be carried out by using chemical ligation.This technique allows for the assembling of totally unprotected peptidesegments in a highly specific manner (Liu et al., 1996, J. Am. Chem.Soc. 118:307-312 and Dawson et al., 1996, 226:776). The conjugation canalso be performed by protease-catalysed peptide bond formation, whichoffers a highly specific technique to combine totally unprotectedpeptide segments via a peptide bond (W. Kullmann, 1987, EnzymaticPeptide Synthesis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., pp. 41-59.

Side chain derivatization of Lys, Arg, His, Trp, Ser, thr, Cys, Tyr, Aspand Glu with the stabilising peptide sequence, Z can be carried out bytraditional convergent peptide synthesis using suitable orthogonalprotecting schemes as known in the art, or by using the equally wellknown general solid phase method with suitable orthogonal removable sidechain protection.

Furthermore, it is envisaged that a combination of the above-mentionedstrategies may be especially applicable where a modified peptidesequence, e.g., from a pharmacologically active peptide comprisingisosteric bonds such as reduced peptide bonds or N-alkylated peptidebonds, is to be coupled to a peptide sequence Z. In this case, it may beadvantageous to prepare the immobilised fragment of Z by successivecoupling of amino acids, and then couple a complete pharmacologicallyactive peptide sequence X (prepared in solution or fully or partiallyusing solid phase techniques or by means of recombinant techniques) tothe fragment.

Examples of suitable solid support materials (SSM) are e.g.,functionalised resins such as polystyrene, polyacrylamide,polydimethylacrylamide, polyethyleneglycol, cellulose, polyethylene,polyethyleneglycol grafted on polystyrene, latex, dynabeads, etc.

It should be understood that it may be necessary or desirable that theC-terminal amino acid of the peptide sequence Z or the C-terminal aminoacid of the pharmacologically active peptide X is attached to the solidsupport material by means of a common linker such as2,4-dimethoxy-4′-hydroxy-benzophenone,4-(4-hydroxy-methyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)-butyric acid,4-hydroxy-methylbenzoic acid, 4-hydroxymethyl-phenoxyacetic acid,3-(4-hydroxymethylphenoxy)propionic acid, andp-[(R,S)-a[1-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxyformamido]-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl]-phenoxy-aceticacid.

The peptide conjugates of the invention may be cleaved from the solidsupport material by means of an acid such as trifluoracetic acid,trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride,hydrogen fluoride, etc. optionally in combination with one or more“scavengers” suitable for the purpose, e.g., ethanedithiol,triisopropylsilane, phenol, thioanisole, etc., or the peptide conjugateof the invention may be cleaved from the solid support by means of abase such as ammonia, hydrazine, an alkoxide, such as sodium ethoxide,an hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, etc.

Thus, the present invention also relates to a method for the preparationof a pharmacologically active peptide conjugate, wherein Z is covalentlybound to X at the C-terminal function of X (X-Z), comprising the stepsof:

(a) coupling an N-α-protected amino acid in the carboxyl activated form,or an N-α-protected dipeptide in the C-terminal activated form to animmobilised peptide sequence H-Z-SSM, thereby forming an immobilisedN-α-protected peptide fragment,

(b) removing the N-α-protecting group, thereby forming an immobilisedpeptide fragment having an unprotected N-terminal end,

(c) coupling an additional N-α-protected amino acid in the carboxylactivated form, or an additional N-α-protected dipeptide in theC-terminal activated form to the N-terminal end of the immobilisedpeptide fragment, and repeating the removal/coupling step procedure instep (b) and (c) until the desired peptide sequence X is obtained, andthen

(d) cleaving off the peptide conjugate from the solid support material.

In a further aspect the present invention also relates to a method forthe preparation of a pharmacologically active peptide conjugate, whereinZ is covalently bound to the N-terminal nitrogen atom of X (Z-X),comprising the steps of:

(a) coupling an N-α-protected amino acid, or an N-α-protected dipeptideto a solid support material (SSM), thereby forming an immobilisedN-α-protected amino acid, or an immobilised N-α-protected dipeptidefragment,

(b) removing the N-α-protecting group, thereby forming an immobilisedamino acid or peptide fragment having an unprotected N-terminal end,

(c) coupling an additional N-α-protected amino acid in the carboxylactivated form, or an additional N-α-protected dipeptide in theC-terminal activated form to the N-terminal end of the immobilised aminoacid or peptide fragment, and repeating the removal/coupling stepprocedure in step (b) and (c) until the desired peptide sequence X isobtained,

(d) coupling an additional N-α-protected amino acid in the carboxylactivated form, or an additional N-α-protected dipeptide in theC-terminal activated form to the N-terminal end of the immobilisedpeptide fragment, and repeating the removal/coupling step procedure instep (b) and (d) until the desired peptide sequence Z is obtained, andthen

(e) cleaving off the peptide conjugate from the solid support material.

In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a method forthe preparation of a pharmacologically active peptide conjugate, whereina first sequence (Z) is covalently bound to X at the C-terminal functionof X and a second sequence (Z) is covalently bound to the N-terminalnitrogen atom of X (Z-X-Z), comprising the steps of:

(a) coupling an N-α-protected amino acid in the carboxyl activated form,or an N-α-protected dipeptide in the C-terminal activated form to animmobilised peptide sequence H-Z-SSM, thereby forming an immobilisedN-α-protected peptide fragment,

(b) removing the N-α-protecting group, thereby forming an immobilisedpeptide fragment having an unprotected N-terminal end,

(c) coupling an additional N-α-protected amino acid in the carboxylactivated form, or an additional N-α-protected dipeptide in theC-terminal activated form to the N-terminal end of the immobilisedpeptide fragment, and repeating the removal/coupling step procedure instep (b) and (c) until the desired peptide sequence X is obtained, andthen

(d) coupling an additional N-α-protected amino acid in the carboxylactivated form, or an additional N-α-protected dipeptide in theC-terminal activated form to the N-terminal end of the immobilisedpeptide fragment, and repeating the removal/coupling step procedure instep (b) and (d) until the desired peptide sequence Z is obtained, andthen

(e) cleaving off the peptide conjugate from the solid support material.

The coupling, removal and cleavage steps are performed by methods knownto the person skilled in the art taking into consideration theprotection strategy and the selected solid phase material. In general,however, it is believed that the Boc (tertbutyloxycarbonyl) as well asthe Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) protection strategies areapplicable and that peptide bonds may be formed using the variousactivation procedures known to the person skilled in the art, e.g., byreacting a C-terminal activated derivative (acid halide, acid anhydride,activated ester e.g., HObt-ester, etc.) of the appropriate amino acid orpeptide with the amino group of the relevant amino acid or peptide asknown to a person skilled in peptide chemistry.

Furthermore, it may be necessary or desirable to include side-chainprotection groups when using amino acid residues carrying functionalgroups, which are reactive under the prevailing conditions. Thenecessary protection scheme will be known to the person skilled in theart (see e.g., M. Bodanszky and A. Bodanszky, “The Practice of PeptideSynthesis,” 2. Ed, Springer-Verlag, 1994, J. Jones, “The ChemicalSynthesis of Peptides,” Clarendon Press, 1991, and Dryland et al., 1986,J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1:125-137).

The peptide conjugates may also be prepared by means of recombinantDNA-technology using general methods and principles known to the personskilled in the art. A nucleic acid sequence encoding the conjugate maybe prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g., thephosphoamidite method described by S. L. Beaucage and M. H. Caruthers,Tetrahedron Letters 22, 1981, pp. 1859-1869, or the method described byMatthes et al., EMBO Journal 3, 1984, pp. 801-805. According to thephosphoamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized, e.g., in anautomatic DNA synthesizer, purified, annealed, ligated and cloned insuitable vectors.

The techniques used to isolate or clone a nucleic acid sequence encodingthe pharmacologically active peptide X are known in the art and includeisolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combinationthereof. The cloning of the nucleic acid sequences of the presentinvention from such genomic DNA can be effected, e.g., by using thewell-known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antibody screening ofexpression libraries to detect cloned DNA fragments with sharedstructural features. See, e.g., Innis et al., 1990, A Guide to Methodsand Application, Academic Press, New York. Other nucleic acidamplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligatedactivated transcription (LAT) and nucleic acid sequence-basedamplification (NASBA) may be used. It can then be ligated to a nucleicacid sequence encoding Z.

The nucleic acid sequence encoding the conjugate is then inserted into arecombinant expression vector, which may be any vector, which mayconveniently be subjected to recombinant DNA procedures. The choice ofvector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to beintroduced. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector,i.e., a vector, which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, thereplication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., aplasmid. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introducedinto a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicatedtogether with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.

In the vector, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the conjugate of thepresent invention should be operably connected to a suitable promotersequence. The promoter may be any nucleic acid sequence, which showstranscriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derivedfrom genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to thehost cell. Examples of suitable promoters for directing thetranscription of the nucleic acid sequence encoding said conjugate inmammalian cells are the SV 40 promoter (Subramani et al., Mol. CellBiol. 1, 1981, pp. 854-864), the MT-1 (metallothionein gene) promoter(Palmiter et al., Science 222, 1983, pp. 809-814) or the adenovirus 2major late promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter,cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (Boshart et al., 1981, Cell 41:521-530)and a bovine papilloma virus promoter (BPV). A suitable promoter for usein insect cells is the polyhedrin promoter (Vasuvedan et al., FEBS Lett.311, 1992, pp. 7-11).

Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of thenucleic acid sequence encoding the conjugate, especially in a bacterialhost cell, are the promoters obtained from the E. coli lac operon, theStreptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA), the Bacillus subtilislevansucrase gene (sacB), the Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene(amyL), the Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM),the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha amylase gene (amyQ), the Bacilluslicheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), the Bacillus subtilis xy1A andxy1B genes, and the prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (VIIIa-Kamaroff etal., 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA75:3727-3731), as well as the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., 1983,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80:21 25). Furtherpromoters are described in “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria”in Scientific American, 1980, 242:74-94; and in Sambrook et al., 1989,supra.

Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of thenucleic acid sequence encoding the conjugate in a filamentous fungalhost cell are promoters obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillusoryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillusniger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stablealpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase(glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease,Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase, Aspergillus nidulansacetamidase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease (as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,288,627, which is incorporated herein by reference), andhybrids thereof. Particularly preferred promoters for use in filamentousfungal host cells are the TAKA amylase, NA2-tpi (a hybrid of thepromoters from the genes encoding Aspergillus niger neutral a amylaseand Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase), and glaA promoters.

In a yeast host, useful promoters are obtained from the Saccharomycescerevisiae enolase (ENO-1) gene, the Saccharomyces cerevisiaegalactokinase gene (GAL1), the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholdehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes (ADH2/GAP),and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase gene. Otheruseful promoters for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al.,1992, Yeast 8:423-488.

The nucleic acid sequence encoding said conjugate may also be operablyconnected to a suitable terminator, such as the human growth hormoneterminator (Palmiter et al., op. cit.). Preferred terminators forfilamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes encodingAspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase,Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus nigeralpha-glucosidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease.

Preferred terminators for yeast host cells are obtained from the genesencoding Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase, Saccharomyces cerevisiaecytochrome C(CYC1), or Saccharomyces cerevisiaeglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators foryeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra.

The vector may further comprise elements such as polyadenylation signals(e.g., from SV 40 or the adenovirus 5 E1b region), transcriptionalenhancer sequences (e.g., the SV 40 enhancer) and translational enhancersequences (e.g., the ones encoding adenovirus VA RNAs). Furthermore,preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cellsare obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase,Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilatesynthase, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase. Usefulpolyadenylation sequences for yeast host cells are described by Guo andSherman, 1995, Molecular Cellular Biology 15:5983-5990.

The recombinant expression vector may further comprise a DNA sequenceenabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. Examplesof such a sequence (when the host cell is a mammalian cell) are the SV40 or polyoma origin of replication. Examples of bacterial origins ofreplication are the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322, pUC19,pACYC177, pACYC184, pUB110, pE194, pTA1060, and pAMβ1. Examples oforigin of replications for use in a yeast host cell are the 2 micronorigin of replication, the combination of CEN6 and ARS4, and thecombination of CEN3 and ARS1. The origin of replication may be onehaving a mutation to make its function temperature-sensitive in the hostcell (see, e.g., Ehrlich, 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1433).

The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g., a gene theproduct of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the genecoding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or one which confersresistance to a drug, e.g., neomycin, geneticin, ampicillin, orhygromycin. Suitable markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3, LEU2,LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. A selectable marker for use in a filamentousfungal host cell may be selected from the group including, but notlimited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase),bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hygB (hygromycinphosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG(orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase),trpC (anthranilate synthase), and glufosinate resistance markers, aswell as equivalents from other species. Preferred for use in anAspergillus cell are the amdS and pyrG markers of Aspergillus nidulansor Aspergillus oryzae and the bar marker of Streptomyces hygroscopicus.Furthermore, selection may be accomplished by cotransformation, e.g., asdescribed in WO 91/17243, where the selectable marker is on a separatevector.

The procedures used to ligate the nucleic acid sequences coding for theconjugate, the promoter, and the terminator, respectively, and to insertthem into suitable vectors containing the information necessary forreplication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., forinstance, Sambrook et al., op.cit.).

The host cell into which the expression vector is introduced may be anycell which is capable of producing the conjugate and is may be aeukaryotic cell, such as invertebrate (insect) cells or vertebratecells, e.g., Xenopus laevis oocytes or mammalian cells, in particularinsect and mammalian cells. Examples of suitable mammalian cell linesare the COS (e.g., ATCC CRL 1650), BHK (e.g., ATCC CRL 1632, ATCC CCL10) or CHO (e.g., ATCC CCL 61) cell lines.

Methods for transfecting mammalian cells and expressing DNA sequencesintroduced in the cells are described in e.g., Kaufman and Sharp, 1982,J. Mol. Biol. 159:601-621; Southern and Berg, 1982, J. Mol. Appl. Genet.1:327-341; Loyter et al., 1982, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:422-426;Wigler et al., 1978, Cell 14:725; Corsaro and Pearson, 1981, SomaticCell Genetics 7:603, Graham and van der Eb, 1973, Virology 52:456;Fraley et al., 1980, JBC 225:10431; Capecchi, 1980, Cell 22:479; Wiberget al., 1983,NAR 11:7287; and Neumann et al., 1982, EMBO J. 1:841-845.

The host cell may also be a unicellular pathogen, e.g., a prokaryote, ora non-unicellular pathogen, e.g., a eukaryote. Useful unicellular cellsare bacterial cells such as gram positive bacteria including, but notlimited to, a Bacillus cell, e.g., Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillusamyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacilluscoagulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis,Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, andBacillus thuringiensis; or a Streptomyces cell, e.g., Streptomyceslividans or Streptomyces murinus, or gram negative bacteria such as E.coli and Pseudomonas sp. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterial hostcell is a Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillusstearothermophilus or Bacillus subtilis cell. The transformation of abacterial host cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplasttransformation (see, e.g., Chang and Cohen, 1979, Molecular GeneralGenetics 168:111-115), by using competent cells (see, e.g., Young andSpizizin, 1961, Journal of Bacteriology 81:823-829, or Dubnar andDavidoff Abelson, 1971, Journal of Molecular Biology 56:209-221), byelectroporation (see, e.g., Shigekawa and Dower, 1988, Biotechniques6:742-751), or by conjugation (see, e.g., Koehler and Thorne, 1987,Journal of Bacteriology 169:5771-5278).

The host cell may be a fungal cell. “Fungi” as used herein includes thephyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota (asdefined by Hawksworth et al., In, Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary ofThe Fungi, 8th edition, 1995, CAB International, University Press,Cambridge, UK) as well as the Oomycota (as cited in Hawksworth et al.,1995, supra, page 171) and all mitosporic fungi (Hawksworth et al.,1995, supra). Representative groups of Ascomycota include, e.g.,Neurospora, Eupenicillium (=Penicillium), Emericella (=Aspergillus),Eurotium (=Aspergillus), and the true yeasts listed above. Examples ofBasidiomycota include mushrooms, rusts, and smuts. Representative groupsof Chytridiomycota include, e.g., Allomyces, Blastocladiella,Coelomomyces, and aquatic fungi. Representative groups of Oomycotainclude, e.g., Saprolegniomycetous aquatic fungi (water molds) such asAchlya. Examples of mitosporic fungi include Aspergillus, Penicillium,Candida, and Alternaria. Representative groups of Zygomycota include,e.g., Rhizopus and Mucor. The fungal host cell may also be a yeast cell.“Yeast” as used herein includes ascosporogenous yeast (Endomycetales),basidiosporogenous yeast, and yeast belonging to the Fungi Imperfecti(Blastomycetes). The medium used to culture the cells may be anyconventional medium suitable for growing mammalian cells, such as aserum-containing or serum-free medium containing appropriatesupplements, or a suitable medium for growing insect, yeast or fungalcells. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may beprepared according to published recipes (e.g., in catalogues of theAmerican Type Culture Collection).

The conjugate produced by the cells may then be recovered from theculture medium by conventional procedures including separating the hostcells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating theproteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of asalt, e.g., ammonium sulphate, purification by a variety ofchromatographic procedures, e.g., ion exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, or the like.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.

General Experimental Protocols

Peptide Synthesis

Apparatus and synthetic strategy: Peptides were synthesized batchwise ina polyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter forfiltration using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) as the N-α-aminoprotecting group and suitable common protection groups for side-chainfunctionalities (Dryland et al., 1986, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans.1:125-137).

Solvents: Solvent DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide, Riedel de-Häen, Germany)was purified by passing it through a column packed with a strong cationexchange resin (Lewatit S 100 MB/H strong acid, Bayer AG Leverkusen,Germany) and analysed for free amines prior to use by addition of3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine (Dhbt-OH) giving rise toa yellow colour (Dhbt-O-anion) if free amines are present. Solvent DCM(dichloromethane, analytical grade, Riedel de-Häen, Germany) was useddirectly without purification.

Amino acids: Fmoc-protected amino acids were purchased from MilliGen(UK) and from PerSeptive Biosystems GmbH Hamburg, Germany in suitableside-chain protected forms. Non-protein amino acids FmocOrn(Boc)-OH,Fmoc-2-D-NaI-OH, Fmoc-D-Phe-OH, Fmoc-Aib-OH were purchased from Bachem(Switzerland) and FmocDbu(Boc)-OH, FmocDpr(Boc)-OH from Neosystem,France.

Linker: (4-hydroxymethylphenoxy)acetic acid (HMPA), Novabiochem,Switzerland was coupled to the resin either as a preformed or in situgenerated 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HObt) ester by means of DIC.

Coupling reagents: Coupling reagent diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) waspurchased from (Riedel de-Häen, Germany) and distilled prior to use,dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) was purchased from Merck-Schuchardt,Müinchen, Germany, and purified by distillation.

Solid supports: Peptides synthesized according to the Fmoc-strategy weresynthesized on the following types of solid support using 0.05 M orhigher concentrations of Fmoc-protected activated amino acid in DMF. 1)PEG-PS (polyethyleneglycol grafted on polystyrene; 2) NovaSyn TG resin,0.29 mmol/g, Novabiochem, Switzerland); 3) TentaGel S resins 0.22-0.31mmol/g (TentaGel-S—NH₂; TentaGel S-Ram, TentaGel S PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc,TentaGel S RAM-Lys(Boc)Fmoc; Rapp polymere, Germany).

Catalysts and other reagents: Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) was purchasedfrom Aldrich, Germany, and ethylenediamine from Fluka, piperidine andpyridine from Riedel-de Häen, Frankfurt, Germany.4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) was purchased from Fluka,Switzerland and used as a catalyst in coupling reactions involvingsymmetrical anhydrides. Ethanedithiol was purchased from Riedel-de Häen,Frankfurt, Germany. 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine(Dhbt-OH) and 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HObt) were obtained from Fluka,Switzerland.

Enzymes: Carboxypeptidase A (EC 3.4.17.1) type I from bovine pancreas,leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) type III-CP from porcine kidney,α-chymotrypsin (EC 4.4.21.1) from bovine pancreas, and pepsin A (EC3.4.23.1) from porcine stomach mucosa bovine pancreas were obtained fromSigma, UK.

Coupling procedures: The first amino acid was coupled as a symmetricalanhydride in DMF generated from the appropriate N-α-protected amino acidby means of DIC or DCC. The following amino acids were coupled aspreformed HObt esters made from appropriate N-α-protected amino acidsand HObt by means of DIC in DMF. Acylations were checked by theninhydrin test performed at 80° C. in order to prevent Fmoc deprotectionduring the test (Larsen, B. D. and Holm, A., 1994, Int. J. PeptideProtein Res. 43:1-9).

Coupling as HObt-ester: Method a. 3 eq. N-α-amino protected amino acidwas dissolved in DMF together with 3 eq. HObt and 3 eq DIC. The solutionwas left at r.t. for 10 minutes and then added to the resin, which hadbeen washed with a solution of 0.2% Dhbt-OH in DMF prior to the additionof the preactivated amino acid. Method b. 3 eq. N-α-amino protectedamino acid was dissolved in DMF together with 3 eq. Hobt. 3 eq. DIC wereadded just prior to use. The final solution was added to the resin.

Preformed symmetrical anhydride: 6 eq. N-α-amino protected amino acidwas dissolved in DCM and cooled to 0° C. DCC or DIC (3 eq.) was addedand the reaction continued for 10 min. The solvent was removed in vacuoand the residue dissolved in DMF. The DMF-solution was filtered in caseof using DCC and immediately added to the resin followed by 0.1 eq. ofDMAP.

Estimation of the coupling yield of the first N-α-amino protected aminoacid: 3-5 mg dry Fmoc-protected peptide-resin was treated with 5 ml 20%piperidine in DMF for 10 min at r.t. and the UV absorption for thedibenzofulvene-piperidine adduct was estimated at 301 nm. The yield wasdetermined using a calculated etinction coefficient ε₃₀₁ based on aFmoc-Ala-OH standard.

Deprotection of the N-α-amino Fmoc protecting group: Deprotection of theFmoc group was performed by treatment with 20% piperidine in DMF (1×5and 1×10 min.), followed by wash with DMF until no yellow colour(Dhbt-O—) could be detected after addition of Dhbt-OH to the drainedDMF.

Cleavage of peptide from resin with acid: Method a. Peptides werecleaved from the resins by treatment with 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA,Riedel-de Häen, Frankfurt, Germany)-water v/v or with 95% TFA and 5%ethanedithiol v/v at r.t. for 2 h. The filtered resins were washed with95% TFA-water and filtrates and washings evaporated under reducedpressure. The residue was washed with ether and freeze-dried from aceticacid-water. The crude freeze-dried product was analysed byhigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by massspectrometry (MS). Method b. Peptides were cleaved from the resins bytreatment with 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, Riedel-de Häen, Frankfurt,Germany)-water v/v or with 95% TFA and 5% ethanedithiol v/v at r.t. for2 h. The filtered resins were washed with 95% TFA-water and filtratesand washings were diluted by adding 10% acetic acid. The resultingmixture was extracted 3 times with ether and finally freeze-dried. Thecrude freeze-dried product was analysed by high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Methodc. Peptides were cleaved from the resins by treatment with 95%trifluoroacetic acid and 5% triisopropylsilane (Sigma) v/v at r.t. for 2h. The filtered resins were washed with 95% TFA-water and filtrates andwashings evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed withether and freeze-dried from acetic acid-water. The crude freeze-driedproduct was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)and identified by mass spectrometry (MS).

Disulfide bond formation: The crude Acm protected peptide was dissolvedin methanol/water 4:1 and pH adjusted to 3.33 (by adding conc. aceticacid) and the concentration of the peptide was approximately 10⁻³ M.10-eq iodine dissolved in methanol (20 mg/ml) was added to the peptidesolution in one portion. The reaction proceeded for 4-5 days at −18 to−20° C. and was followed by HPLC. The reaction mixture was then dilutedby adding one extra volume water, and extracted 3 times with chloroformor tetrachlormethane. The clear water solution was then freeze-dried andthe product was purified by preparative HPLC as described above.

Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS: NovaSyn TG resin (250 mg,0.27-0.29 mmol/g) was placed in a polyethylene vessel equipped with apolypropylene filter for filtration. The resin was swelled in DMF (5ml), and treated with 20% piperidine in DMF to secure the presence ofnon-protonated amino groups on the resin. The resin was drained andwashed with DMF until no yellow colour could be detected after additionof Dhbt-OH to the drained DMF. HMPA (3 eq.) was coupled as a preformedHObt-ester as described above and the coupling was continued for 24 h.The resin was drained and washed with DMF (5×5 ml, 5 min each) and theacylation checked by the ninhydrin test. The first amino acid wascoupled as a preformed symmetrical anhydride as described above. Thecoupling yields of the first Fmoc-protected amino acids were estimatedas described above. It was in all cases better than 60%. The followingamino acids according to the sequence were coupled as preformedFmoc-protected, and if necessary side-chain protected, HObt esters (3eq.) as described above. The couplings were continued for 3 h, unlessotherwise specified. The resin was drained and washed with DMF (5×5 ml,5 min each) in order to remove excess reagent. All acylations werechecked by the ninhydrin test performed at 80° C. After completion ofthe synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 5 mineach), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and finally diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo over night.

Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S—NH₂: TentaGel S—NH₂ resin(100-500 mg, 0.22-0.31 mmol/g) was placed in a polyethylene vesselequipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration. The resin wasswelled in DMF (5-10 ml), and treated with 20% piperidine in DMF tosecure the presence of non-protonated amino groups on the resin. Theresin was drained and washed with DMF until no yellow colour could bedetected after addition of Dhbt-OH to the drained DMF. HMPA (3 eq.) wascoupled as an HObt-ester generated in situ by means of DIC as describedabove and the coupling was continued for 24 h. The resin was drained andwashed with DMF (4×5-10 ml, 2 min each) and the acylation checked by theninhydrin test. The first amino acid was coupled as a preformedsymmetrical anhydride as described above. The coupling yields of thefirst Fmoc-protected amino acids were estimated as described above. Itwas in all cases better than 60%. The following amino acids according tothe sequence were coupled as Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.)generated in situ by means of DIC as described above. The couplings werecontinued for 3 h, unless otherwise specified. The resin was drained andwashed with DMF (4×5-10 ml, 2 min each) in order to remove excessreagent. All acylations were checked by the ninhydrin test performed at80° C. After completion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washedwith DMF (3×5-10 ml, 5 min each), DCM (3×5-10 ml, 1 min each) andfinally diethyl ether (3×5-10 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S-RAM: TentaGel S-RAM resin(100-1000 mg, 0.22-0.31 mmol/g) was placed in a polyethylene vesselequipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration. The resin wasswelled in DMF (5-10 ml), and the Fmoc group was removed according tothe procedure described above. The following amino acids according tothe sequence were coupled as Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.)generated in situ by means of DIC as described above. The couplings werecontinued for 3 h, unless otherwise specified. The resin was drained andwashed with DMF (4×5-10 ml, 2 min each) in order to remove excessreagent. All acylations were checked by the ninhydrin test performed at80° C. After completion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washedwith DMF (3×5-10 ml, 5 min each), DCM (3×5-10 ml, 1 min each) andfinally diethyl ether (3×5-10 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

HPLC conditions: Isocratic HPLC analysis was preformed on a Shimadzusystem consisting of an LC-6A pump, an MERCK HITACHI L-4000 UV detectoroperated at 215 nm and a Rheodyne 7125 injection valve with a 20 μlloop. The column used for isocratic analysis was a Spherisorb ODS-2(100×3 mm; 5-□m particles) (MicroLab, Aarhus, Dernark). HPLC analysisusing gradients was performed on a MERCK-HITACHI L-6200 Intelligentpump, an MERCK HITACHI L-4000 UV detector operated at 215 nm and aRheodyne 7125 injection valve with a 20 μl loop, or on a Waters 600 Einstrument equipped with a Waters 996 photodiode array detector. Thecolumns used were a Rescorce™ RPC 1 ml (Waters) or a LiChroCART 125-4,LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (5 μm) (Merck). Buffer A was 0.1 vol % TFA inwater and buffer B 90 vol % acetonitrile, 9.9 vol % water and 0.1 vol %TFA. The buffers were pumped through the columns at a flow rate of1.3-1.5 ml/min using either of the following gradients for peptideanalysis 1) Linear gradient from 0%-100% B (30 min) or 2) 0% B (2 min)linear gradient from 0-50% B (23 min) 50-100% B (5 min). For PreparativeHPLC, purification was performed on a Waters 600 E instrument equippedwith a Waters 996 photodiode array detector. The column used was aWaters Delta-Pak C-18 15 μm, 100 Å, 25×100 mm. Gradient 2) was used witha flow rate of 9 ml/min.

Mass spectroscopy: Mass spectra were obtained on a Finnigan Mat LCQinstrument equipped with an electrospray (ESI) probe (ES-MS) and on aTofSpec E, Fisons Instrument (MALDI-TOF) using β-cyano-p-hydroxycinnamicacid as matrix.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Peptide Synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Glu₆-OH(Leu-enkephalin-Glu₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 10) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe Glu₆ (residues 6-12 of SEQ ID NO: 10). Thefollowing amino acids forming the Leu-enkephalin sequence were coupledas preformed Fmoc-protected, if necessary side-chain protected, HObtesters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml) generated by means of DIC. Before each ofthe last five couplings, the resin was washed with a solution of Dhbt-OH(80 mg in 25 ml) in order to follow the disappearance of the yellowcolour as the coupling reaction proceeded. When the yellow colour was nolonger visible, the couplings were interrupted by washing the resin withDMF (5×5 ml, 5 min each). The acylations were then checked by theninhydrin test performed at 80° C. as earlier described. Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to method a. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and the purity was found to bebetter than 90%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 76%.

Example 2 Peptide Synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys₆-OH(Leu-enkephalin-Lys₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 11) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe Lys₆ (SEQ ID NO: 62). The following aminoacids forming the Leu-enkephalin sequence were coupled as preformedFmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml) generated by means ofDIC. Before each of the last five couplings, the resin was washed with asolution of Dhbt-OH (80 mg in 25 ml), in order to follow thedisappearance of the yellow colour as the coupling reaction proceed.When the yellow colour was no longer visible, the couplings wereinterrupted by washing the resin with DMF (5×5 ml, 5 min each). Theacylations were then checked by the ninhydrin test performed at 80° C.as earlier described. After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method a. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and the purity was found to bebetter than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 84%.

Example 3 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Lys₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH(H-Lys₆-Leu-enkephalin) (SEQ ID NO. 101) onNovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” and the firstamino acid leucine was coupled as described under coupling procedures.The following amino acids forming the H-Lys₆-enkephalin sequence (SEQ IDNO: 101) were coupled as preformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) inDMF (5 ml) generated by means of DIC and the couplings were continuedfor at least 2 hours. The acylations were then checked by the ninhydrintest performed at 80° C. as earlier described. After completion of thesynthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each),DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and driedin vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin as described above using 95% TFAand 5% water (v/v) as cleavage reagent and freeze-dried from aceticacid. The crude freeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and found tobe homogeneous without deletion and Fmoc-protected sequences. The puritywas found to be better than 98% and the identity of the peptideconjugate was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 89%.

Example 4 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Lys₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys₆-OH(H-Lys₆-Leu-enkephalin-Lys₆-OH) (SEQID NO: 102) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe Lys₆ (SEQ ID NO: 62). The following aminoacids forming the H-Lys₆-enkephalin sequence (SEQ ID NO: 101) werecoupled as preformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml)generated by means of DIC and the couplings were continued for at least2 hours. The acylations were then checked by the ninhydrin testperformed at 80° C. as earlier described. After completion of thesynthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each),DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and driedin vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method a. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and the purity was found to bebetter than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 90%.

Example 5 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys-OH(Leu-enkephalin-Lys-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 97) on TentaGelS-PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc

Dry TentaGel S-PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above and the synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried peptide was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 90%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 60%.

Example 6 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys-OH(Leu-enkephalin-Lys-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Lys-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 98) on TentaGelS—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc

Dry TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above. The synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried peptide was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 65%.

Example 7 Peptide Synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Orn)₆-OH(Leu-enkephalin-(Orn)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 106) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was oxidized in order to make the disulfide bondaccording to the procedure described above. The crude cyclized peptidewas purified by preparative HPLC using the procedure described above.The purified product was found to be homogeneous and the purity wasfound to be better than 90%. The identity of the peptide was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 20%.

Example 8 Peptide Synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dbu)₆-OH(Leu-enkephalin-(Dbu)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 107) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was oxidized in order to make the disulfide bondaccording to the procedure described above. The crude cyclized peptidewas purified by preparative HPLC using the procedure described above.The purified product was found to be homogeneous and the purity wasfound to be better than 90%. The identity of the peptide was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 22%.

Example 9 Peptide Synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dpr)₆-OH(Leu-enkephalin-(Dpr)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 108) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crude peptide waspurified by preparative HPLC using the procedure described above. Thepurified product was found to be homogeneous and the purity was found tobe better than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 22%.

Example 10 Peptide Synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys10-OH(Leu-enkephalin-Lys₁₀-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 109) on TentaGelS—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc

Dry TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above and the synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried peptide was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 7.1%.

Example 11 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-Glu₆-OH (DSIP-Glu₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO:9) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe Glu₆ (residues 10-15 of SEQ ID NO: 9). Thefollowing amino acids forming the DSIP sequence (SEQ ID NO: 110) werecoupled as preformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml)generated by means of DIC. Before each of the last nine couplings, theresin was washed with a solution of Dhbt-OH (80 mg in 25 ml), in orderto follow the disappearance of the yellow colour as the couplingreaction proceeds. When the yellow colour was no longer visible, thecouplings were interrupted by washing the resin with DMF (5×5 ml, 5 mineach). The acylations were then checked by the ninhydrin test performedat 80° C. as earlier described. After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each), and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method a. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and the purity was found to bebetter than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 80%.

Example 12 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH (DSIP-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH)(SEQ ID NO: 8) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe (LysGlu)₃ (SEQ ID NO: 84). The followingamino acids forming the DSIP sequence (SEQ ID NO: 110) were coupled aspreformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml) generated bymeans of DIC. Before each of the last nine couplings, the resin waswashed with a solution of Dhbt-OH (80 mg in 25 ml), in order to followthe disappearance of the yellow colour as the coupling reactionproceeds. When the yellow colour was no longer visible, the couplingswere interrupted by washing the resin with DMF (5×5 ml, 5 min each). Theacylations were then checked by the ninhydrin test performed at 80° C.as earlier described. After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each), and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method a. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and the purity was found to bebetter than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 91%.

Example 13 Peptide Synthesis of H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-OH(SEQ ID NO. 110) (DSIP) on NovaSyn TentaGel (Reference)

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS.” The firstamino acid was coupled as a preformed symmetrical anhydride as describedabove. The coupling yields of the first Fmoc-protected amino acids wereestimated as described above. The yields were in all cases better than60%. The following amino acids forming the DSIP sequence (SEQ ID NO:110) were coupled as preformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF(5 ml) generated by means of DIC. Before each of the last eightcouplings, the resin was washed with a solution of Dhbt-OH (80 mg in 25ml), in order to follow the disappearance of the yellow colour as thecoupling reaction proceeds. When the yellow colour was no longervisible, the couplings were interrupted by washing the resin with DMF(5×5 ml, 5 min each). The acylations were then checked by the ninhydrintest performed at 80° C. as earlier described. After completion of thesynthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each),DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each), and driedin vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method a. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and the purity was found to bebetter than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 78%.

Example 14 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-Lys₆-OH (SubstanceP-Lys₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 112) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe Lys₆ (SEQ ID NO: 62). The following aminoacids forming the Substance P sequence (SEQ ID NO: 112) were coupled aspreformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml) generated bymeans of DIC and the couplings were continued for at least 2 hours. Theacylations were then checked by the ninhydrin test performed at 80° C.as earlier described. After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method a. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and the purity was found to bebetter than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 80%.

Example 15 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂ (Substance-P—NH₂) (SEQID NO: 112) on TentaGel S-RAM

Dry TentaGel S-RAM resin (0.25 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group was removedaccording to the procedure described above, and the peptide according tothe sequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptidesynthesis on TentaGel S-RAM resins.” After completion of the synthesis,the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml,1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crude peptide waspurified by preparative HPLC using the procedure described above. Thepurified product was found to be homogeneous and the purity was found tobe better than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 12.3%.

Example 16 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-Lys₆-NH₂(Substance-P-Lys6-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 111) on TentaGel S-RAM-Lys(Boc)Fmoc

Dry TentaGel S-RAM-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above and the synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S-Ram-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 17.2%.

Example 17 Peptide Synthesis ofH-(Lys)₆-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂(K₆-Substance-P—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 113) on TentaGel S-RAM

Dry TentaGel S-RAM resin (0.25 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group was removedaccording to the procedure described above, and the peptide according tothe sequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptidesynthesis on TentaGel S-RAM resins.” After completion of the synthesis,the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml,1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crude peptide waspurified by preparative HPLC using the procedure described above. Thepurified product was found to be homogeneous and the purity was found tobe better than 98%. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS.Yield 10.3%.

Example 18 Peptide Synthesis of H-Aib-His-2-D-NaI-D-Phe-Lys-(Lys)₆-NH₂(GHRP-(Lys)₆-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 96) on TentaGel S-RAM-Lys(Boc)Fmoc

Dry TentaGel S-RAM-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above and the synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S-Ram-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 90%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 35%.

Example 19 Peptide Synthesis of H-Aib-His-2-D-NaI-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂(GHRP-NH₂) on TentaGel S-RAM

Dry TentaGel S-RAM resin (0.25 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group was removedaccording to the procedure described above, and the peptide according tothe sequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptidesynthesis on TentaGel S-RAM resins.” After completion of the synthesis,the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml,1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was found to be homogeneous and the purity wasfound to be better than 95%. The identity of the peptide was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 21%.

Example 20 Peptide Synthesis of H-(Lys)₆-Aib-His-2-D-NaI-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂(K₆-GHRP-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 114) on TentaGel S-RAM

Dry TentaGel S-RAM resin (0.25 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group was removedaccording to the procedure described above, and the peptide according tothe sequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptidesynthesis on TentaGel S-RAM resins.” After completion of the synthesis,the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml,1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was found to be homogeneous and the purity wasfound to be better than 95%. The identity of the peptide was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 19%.

Example 21 Peptide Synthesis ofGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-Lys₆-OH (GnRH-Lys₆-OH) (SEQ IDNO: 103) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe Lys₆ (SEQ ID NO: 62). The following aminoacids forming the GnRH sequence (SEQ ID NO: 115) were coupled aspreformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml) generated bymeans of DIC and the couplings were continued for at least 2 hours. Theacylations were then checked by the ninhydrin test performed at 80° C.as earlier described. After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method c. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and it was found to containthe target peptide together with some impurities. The crude product waspurified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC. The purity was found to bebetter than 98% and the identity of the peptide conjugate was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 37%.

Example 22 Peptide Synthesis ofpGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH(GnRH-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 104) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe (Lys-Glu)₃ (SEQ ID NO: 84). The followingamino acids forming the GnRH sequence (SEQ ID NO: 115) were coupled aspreformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml) generated bymeans of DIC and the couplings were continued for at least 2 hours. Theacylations were then checked by the ninhydrin test performed at 80° C.as earlier described. After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method c. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and it was found to containthe target peptide together with some impurities. The crude product waspurified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC. The purity was found to bebetter than 98% and the identity of the peptide conjugate was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 43%.

Example 23 Peptide Synthesis ofpGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH₂ (GnRH-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO. 115)on TentaGel S-RAM

Dry TentaGel S-RAM resin (0.25 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group was removedaccording to the procedure described above, and the peptide according tothe sequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptidesynthesis on TentaGel S-RAM resins.” After completion of the synthesis,the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml,1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was found to be homogeneous and the purity wasfound to be better than 95%. The identity of the peptide was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 28%.

Example 24 Peptide Synthesis ofH-(Lys)₆-Gln-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH₂ (K₆-GnRH-NH₂) (SEQID NO: 116) on TentaGel S-RAM

Dry TentaGel S-RAM resin (0.25 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group was removedaccording to the procedure described above, and the peptide according tothe sequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptidesynthesis on TentaGel S-RAM resins.” After completion of the synthesis,the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml,1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was found to be homogeneous and the purity wasfound to be better than 95%. The identity of the peptide was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 20%.

Example 25 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH(EMP-1-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 117) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was oxidized without further purification, in orderto make the disulfide bond according to the procedure described above.The crude cyclized peptide was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 22%.

Example 26 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-Lys6-OH(EMP-1-Lys6-OH) (SEQ ID NO. 93) on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)

Dry TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above and the synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was oxidised without further purification in orderto make the disulphide bond according to the procedure described above.The crude cyclized peptide was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 27%.

Example 27 Peptide Synthesis ofH-(Lys)₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH(K₆-EMP-1-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 94) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was oxidized without further purification, in orderto make the disulfide bond according to the procedure described above.The crude cyclized peptide was purified by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 12%.

Example 28 Peptide Synthesis ofH-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-OH(GLP-1-(7-36)(Human)-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 118) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried peptide was purified twice by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 8.7%.

Example 29 Peptide Synthesis ofH-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-Lys6-OH(GLP-1-(7-36)(Human)-Lys6-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 92) on TentaGelS—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc

Dry TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above and the synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was purified twice by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 11%.

Example 30 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH(PTH(1-34)(Human)-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 119) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried peptide was purified twice by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 6.1%.

Example 31 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-Lys6-OH(PTH(1-34)(Human)-Lys6-OH)(SEQ ID NO: 91) on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc

Dry TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc resin (0.22 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placedin a polyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter forfiltration and swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The Fmoc group onthe first lysine was removed as described above. And the synthesis wascontinued until finishing the peptide sequence as described under“Batchwise peptide synthesis on TentaGel S—PHB-Lys(Boc)Fmoc.” Aftercompletion of the synthesis, the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 mineach) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was purified twice by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 98%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 5.3%.

Example 32 Peptide Synthesis ofH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH(PTH 1-34 human-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 105) on NovaSyn TentaGel

Dry NovaSyn TG resin (0.29 mmol/g, 250 mg) was placed in a polyethylenevessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtration and treatedas described under “Batchwise peptide synthesis on PEG-PS” untilfinishing the peptide probe (Lys-Glu)₃(SEQ ID NO: 84). The followingamino acids forming the PTH sequence (SEQ ID NO: 119) were coupled aspreformed Fmoc-protected HObt esters (3 eq.) in DMF (5 ml) generated bymeans of DIC and the couplings were continued for at least 2 hours. Theacylations were then checked by the ninhydrin test performed at 80° C.as earlier described. After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method c. The crudefreeze-dried product was analysed by HPLC and it was found to containthe target peptide together with impurities. The crude product waspurified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC. The purity was found to bebetter than 98% and the identity of the peptide conjugate was confirmedby ES-MS. Yield 28%.

Example 33 Peptide Synthesis ofH-(Lys)₆-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH(Lys6-PTH(1-34)(Human)-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 90) on TentaGel S—NH₂

Dry TentaGel S—NH₂ resin (0.31 mmol/g, 500 mg) was placed in apolyethylene vessel equipped with α polypropylene filter for filtrationand swelled for two hours in DMF (5 ml). The peptide according to thesequence was assembled as described under “Batchwise peptide synthesison TentaGel S resins.” After completion of the synthesis, thepeptide-resin was washed with DMF (3×5 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3×5 ml, 1min each), diethyl ether (3×5 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo.

The peptide was cleaved from the resin according to Method b asdescribed above and freeze-dried from acetic acid. The crudefreeze-dried product was purified twice by preparative HPLC using theprocedure described above. The purified product was found to behomogeneous and the purity was found to be better than 90%. The identityof the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS. Yield 6.2%.

In Vitro Kinetic Measurements

HPLC: Gradient HPLC analysis of samples from in vitro kineticmeasurements performed as described below was performed using a HewlettPackard HP 1100 HPLC system consisting of a HP 1100 Binary Pump, a HP1100 Autosampler, a HP 1100 Column Thermostat and a HP 1100 VariableWavelength Detector. A Merck LiChroCART column (125×4 mm I.D.) and aLiChroCART precolumn (4×4 mm I.D.) packed with Lichrospher RP-18 (5 μmparticles) was used. The column was kept at 25° C. or 75° C. and thecolumn effluent was measured by UV detection at 215 nm. Separation ofthe peptide conjugates or the native peptides from degradation productsand constituents of the reaction solutions was accomplished usinggradient elution of the column with mixtures of mobile phase A (0.1 vol% TFA in water) and mobile phase B (0.085 vol % TFA in acetonitrile) ata flow rate of 1 ml/min. The following linear gradients used are shownin Table 1 below: TABLE 1 HPLC Gradient Peptide/Peptide Conjugate 25-40%B in H-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met- 15 minutesHis-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys- Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH(PTH(1-34)(Human)-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 119) 25-40% B inH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met- 15 minutesHis-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys- Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-(Lys)₆-OH (PTH(1-34)(Human)-(Lys)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 91) 25-40% B inH-(Lys)₆-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu- 15 minutesMet-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe- OH ((Lys)₆-PTH(1-34)(Human)-OH)(SEQ ID NO: 90) 25-50% B in H-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- 15minutes Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu- Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-OH(GLP-1(7-36)(Human)-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 118) 25-50% B inH-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- 15 minutesAsp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu- Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-(Lys) ₆-OH(GLP-1(7-36)(Human)-(Lys)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 92) 5-50% B inH-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe- 15 minutesGly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro- Gln-Gly-Gly-OH (EMP-1-OH) (SEQ IDNO: 117) 5-50% B in H-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro- 15 minutes Gln-Gly-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH(EMP-1-(Lys)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 93) 10-50% B inH-(Lys)₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His- 15 minutesPhe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys- Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH((Lys)₆-EMP-1-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 94) 10-50% B inH-(Lys)₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys- 15 minutesPro-Gln-Gly-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH ((Lys)₆-EMP-1-(Lys)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 95) 5-40%B in H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe- 15 minutes Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂(Substance P—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 112) 5-40% B inH-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe- 15 minutes Gly-Leu-Met-(Lys)₆-NH₂(Substance P-(Lys)₆-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 111) 25-40% B inH-(Lys)₆-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe- 15 minutes Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂((Lys)₆-Substance P—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO. 113) 40-100% B inH-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly- 15 minutes Glu-OH (DSIP) (SEQ ID NO:110) 40-100% B in H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly- 15 minutesGlu-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH (DSIP-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 8) 5-30% B inH-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH 15 minutes (Leu-Enkephalin) (SEQ ID NO. 12)5-30% B in H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₆-OH 15 minutes(Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 11) 10-35% B inH-(Lys)₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH 15 minutes ((Lys)₆-Leu-Enkephalin-OH)(SEQ ID NO. 101) 10-35% B in H-(Lys)₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu- 15 minutes(Lys)₆-OH ((Lys)₆-Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 102) 5-30% B inH-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₁₀-OH 15 minutes (Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₁₀-OH)(SEQ ID NO: 109) 5-30% B in H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Orn)₆-OH 15 minutes(Leu-Enkephalin-(Orn)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 106) 5-30% B inH-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dbu)₆-OH 15 minutes (Leu-Enkephalin-(Dbu)₆-OH)(SEQ ID NO: 107) 5-30% B in H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dpr)₆-OH 15 minutes(Leu-Enkephalin-(Dpr)₆-OH) (SEQ ID NO. 108) 5-30% B inH-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys(Glu)₄-Lys- 15 minutes OH(Leu-Enkephalin-Lys-(Glu)₄-Lys-OH) (SEQ ID NO: 98) 5-30% B inH-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-(Glu)₃- 15 minutes (Lys)₂-OH(Leu-Enkephalin-Lys-(Glu)₃-(Lys)₂-OH) (SEQ ID NO. 120)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Enzyme Solution

The degradation of the peptide conjugate and the corresponding nativepeptide were studied at 37° C. in a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution atpH 7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) or carboxypeptidase A(1 or 25 U/ml). Experiments were initiated by addition of an aliquot(100 μl) of a stock solution (1 mg/ml) of the peptide conjugate or thenative peptide to 900 μl preheated enzyme solution giving a finalconcentration of ˜0.1 mg/ml (10⁻⁵-10⁻⁴ M) of the peptide conjugate orthe native peptide. The peptide/enzyme solution was kept at 37° C. usinga SHT200D block heater from Stuart Scientific. At appropriate timeintervals, samples of 100 μl were withdrawn from the peptide/enzymesolution, mixed thoroughly with 20 μl 25% TFA in acetonitrile in orderto stop the enzymatic degradation process and analysed by HPLC asdescribed above. Half-lives (t_(1/2)) for the peptide conjugate and thecorresponding native peptide in the enzyme solutions were calculatedfrom plots of the natural logarithm to the concentration of the residualpeptide (HPLC peak heights) against time using the formulat_(1/2)=1/k_(obs)×ln(2), where k_(obs) is the apparent first-order rateconstant for the observed degradation. (SEQ ID NO: 119)H-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH (PTH (1-34)(Human)-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH(SEQ ID NO: 119) (˜2.4×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 2.1×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 330 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation ofH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH(SEQ ID NO: 119) (˜2.4×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 5.2 min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to0.13 min as previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 91)H-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-(Lys)₆-OH(PTH(1-34)(Human)-(Lys)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 91) (˜2.0×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 1.2×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 578 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis kinetics in carboxypeptidase A

The degradation ofH-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 91) (˜2.0×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 1.5×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 47 min as previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 90)H-(Lys)₆-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH((Lys)₆-PTH(1-34)(Human)-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-(Lys)₆-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly-Lys-His-Leu-Asn-Ser-Met-Glu-Arg-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Arg-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Asp-Val-His-Asn-Phe-OH(SEQ ID NO: 90) (˜2.0×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 3.5×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 198 min as previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 118)H-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-OH (GLP-1(7-36)(Human)-OH)

Hydrolysis kinetics in leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-OH(SEQ ID NO: 118) (˜3.0×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 3.1×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 22 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation ofH-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-OH(SEQ ID NO: 118) (˜3.0×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 4.7×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 148 min as previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 92)H-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-(Lys)₆-OH (GLP-1(7-36) (Human)-(Lys)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 92) (˜2.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 1.3×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 53 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation ofH-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 92) (˜2.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 8×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to87 as previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 117)H-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH (EMP-1-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH(SEQ ID NO: 117) (˜4.8×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 1.5×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 462 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation ofH-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH(SEQ ID NO: 117) (4.8×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. A half-life of more than 50 hours was estimated for thedegradation. (SEQ ID NO: 93)H-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH (EMP-1- (Lys)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 93) (˜3.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. A half-life of more than 100 hours was estimated for thedegradation.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation ofH-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 93) (˜3.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. A half-life of more than 20 hours was estimated for thedegradation. (SEQ ID NO: 94)H-(Lys)₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH ((Lys)₆-EMP-1-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-(Lys)₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-OH(SEQ ID NO: 94) (˜3.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. A half-life of more than 24 hours was estimated for thedegradation. (SEQ ID NO: 95)H-(Lys)₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH((Lys)₆-EMP-1-(Lys)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-(Lys)₆-Gly-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Ser-Cys-His-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu-Thr-Trp-Val-Cys-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Gly-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 95) (˜2.8×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. A half-life of more than 100 hours was estimated for thedegradation. (SEQ ID NO: 112)H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂ (Substance P)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation of H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂(SEQ ID NO: 112) (˜7.4×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 4.5×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 16 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation of H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂(SEQ ID NO: 112) (˜7.4×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH7.4 containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 2.0×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 35 min as previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 111)H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met- (Lys)₆-NH₂ (SubstanceP-(Lys)₆-NH₂)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-(Lys)₆-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:111) (˜4.7×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 1.1×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 66 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation ofH-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-(Lys)₆-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:111) (˜4.7×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above.The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimatedto 5.5×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 126 minas previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 113)H-(Lys)₆-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu- Met-NH₂((Lys)₆-Substance P-NH₂)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation ofH-(Lys)₆-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:113) (˜4.7×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 2×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to347 min as previously described. (SEQ ID NO: 110)H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-OH (DSIP)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation of H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-OH (SEQ ID NO:110) (˜10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Thehalf-life was calculated to be less than 20 min. (SEQ ID NO: 8)H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-(Lys-Glu)₃- OH(DSIP-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation of H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH(SEQ ID NO: 8) (˜10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasdetermined as described earlier and the half-life calculated to be 145min. (SEQ ID NO: 12) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (Leu-Enkephalin)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12) (˜1.8×10⁻⁴ M)in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containing leucineaminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. The pseudofirst-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to 6.8×10⁻¹min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 1.0 min aspreviously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12) (˜1.8×10⁻⁴ M)in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingcarboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above. The pseudofirst-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to 9.8×10⁻¹min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 0.7 min aspreviously described. (SEQ ID NO: 11) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₆-OH(Leu-Enkephalin- (Lys)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11)(˜7.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Thepseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to9.7×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 72 min aspreviously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11)(˜7.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingcarboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above. The pseudofirst-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to 7×10⁻⁴min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 990 min aspreviously described. (SEQ ID NO: 101) H-(Lys)₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH((Lys)₆-Leu- Enkephalin-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-(Lys)₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (SEQ ID NO: 101)(7.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Thepseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to2.6×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 27 min aspreviously described. (SEQ ID NO: 102)H-(Lys)₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₆-OH ((Lys)₆-Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-(Lys)₆-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 102)(˜4.8×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Ahalf-life of more than 100 hours was estimated for the degradation. (SEQID NO: 109) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₁₀-OH (Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₁₀-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₁₀-OH (SEQ ID NO: 109)(˜5.4×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Ahalf-life of more than 100 hours was estimated for the degradation.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Lys)₁₀-OH (SEQ ID NO: 109)(˜5.4×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingcarboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above. The pseudofirst-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to 3×10⁻⁴min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 2310 min aspreviously described. (SEQ ID NO: 106) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Orn)₆-OH(Leu-Enkephalin- (Orn)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Orn)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 106)(˜5.7×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Thepseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to6.4×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 108 min aspreviously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Orn)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 106)(˜5.7×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingcarboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above. A half-lifeof more than 100 hours was estimated for the degradation. (SEQ ID NO:107) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dbu)₆-OH (Leu-Enkephalin- (Dbu)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dbu)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 107)(˜6.0×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Thepseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to2.5×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 28 min aspreviously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dbu)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 107)(˜6.0×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingcarboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above. The pseudofirst-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to 5×10⁻³min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 1386 min aspreviously described. (SEQ ID NO: 108) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dpr)₆-OH(Leu-Enkephalin- (Dpr)₆-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dpr)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 108)(˜6.3×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Thepseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to1.7×10⁻¹ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 4.2 min aspreviously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-(Dpr)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 108)(˜6.3×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingcarboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above. The pseudofirst-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to 2.4×10⁻²min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 29 min as previouslydescribed. (SEQ ID NO: 98) H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys(Glu)₄-Lys-OH (Leu-Enkephalin-Lys-(Glu)₄-Lys-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-(Glu)₄-Lys-OH (SEQ ID NO: 98)(˜7.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingleucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as described above. Thepseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to6.5×10⁻² min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 11 min aspreviously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-(Glu)₄-Lys-OH (SEQ ID NO: 98)(˜7.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4 containingcarboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above. The pseudofirst-order rate constant for the degradation was estimated to 6×10⁻⁴min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 1155 min aspreviously described. (SEQ ID NO: 120)H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-(Glu)₃-(Lys)₂-OH (Leu-Enkephalin-Lys-(Glu)₃-(Lys)₂-OH)

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Leucine Aminopeptidase

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-(Glu)₃-(Lys)₂-OH (SEQ ID NO:120) (˜7.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4containing leucine aminopeptidase (25 U/ml) was studied as describedabove. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation wasestimated to 1.2×10⁻¹ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculatedto 5.7 min as previously described.

Hydrolysis Kinetics in Carboxypeptidase A

The degradation H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Lys-(Glu)₃-(Lys)₂-OH (SEQ ID NO:120) (˜7.5×10⁻⁵ M) in 50 mM phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.4containing carboxypeptidase A (1 U/ml) was studied as described above.The pseudo first-order rate constant for the degradation was estimatedto 8×10⁻⁴ min⁻¹ and the corresponding half-life calculated to 866 min aspreviously described.

Studies with Enkephalin Analogues

Bioavailability of Leu-enkephalin-OH and Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQID NO: 11) in mice

Male mice weighing 20-25 g were given 50 mg Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 11) per kg body weight i.v. or p.o. The compound wasdissolved in isotonic NaCl solution. Mice treated withLeu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11), 50 mg/kg p.o. were bled bydecapitation at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 240, 480, 960 and 1380 minutes afterdosing. Mice treated with Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11), 50mg/kg i.v. were bled by decapitation at 5, 15, 30, 60, 180, 240, 370,720, 1080, and 1440 minutes after dosing. Animals treated with thenative Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12), 50 mg/kg p.o. or i.v. werebled by decapitation 30 min after dosing. Blood samples were centrifugedimmediately (3000 g, 4° C.) and serum was isolated and used for activitydetermination.

The concentrations of Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12) orLeu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11) in serum were determined by abioassay using the vas deferens model from mice. Experiments werecarried out essentially as described by Takemori and Porthogese, 1984,Eur. J. Pharmacol. 104:101-104. In short: vasa deferentia were isolatedfrom male mice weighing 20-30 g (Møllegaard breeding, DK) and suspendedthrough two electrodes in 10 ml baths at resting tension of 1 g. Thetissues were bathed with Krebs-bicarbonate solution (physiologicalbuffer solution) maintained at 36-37° C. and continously bubbled with95% O₂ and 5% CO₂. The tissues were stimulated electrically (70 V, 1 msduration; 0.1 Hz) and contractions were recorded isometrically on achart recorder. After equilibration of the tissue for at least 20 min,drugs were added in the bath and the maximum effects were measured. Datawere fitted to the equation %Inhibition=MAX×(1-[Inh]^(n)/([Inh]^(n)+IC₅₀ ^(n)))+baseline, where MAXis the maximum muscle contraction, [Inh] is the concentration of theinhibitor, n is the Hill slope of the curve and baseline is the musclecontraction insensitive to the compound. Thus, the calculatedconcentration is a reflection of inhibitory activity in the vas deferensbioassay preparation and not an exact measure of Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQID NO: 12) or Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11) in serum.

Values for Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12) andLeu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11) are mean values ±S.E.M of atleast 5 experiments. In assays where the concentration ofLeu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11) in serum was determined, 100 μlof serum was added to the tissue bath and the % inhibition of theresponse was determined. The results are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2Functional activity in serum after p.o. or i.v. administration ofLeu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH in mice (n = 6-8 serum samples per time point;mean ± S.E.M.). p.o. administration i.v. administration ActivityActivity Leu-enkephalin- Leu-enkephalin- (Lys)₆-OH (nM) (Lys)₆-OH (nM)Time (min) (SEQ ID NO: 11) Time (min) (SEQ ID NO: 11) 0 0 5 15900 ± 240015 <Detection Limit 15  8500 ± 1200 30 3000 ± 800 30 6000 ± 950 60  6000± 1300 60 1600 ± 340 90 10900 ± 3800 180  440 ± 110 240 10700 ± 230  2402500 ± 320 480 5000 ± 580 370 31200 ± 8620 960 2800 ± 780 720 <DetectionLimit 1380 <Detection Limit 1080 <Detection Limit N/A N/A 1440<Detection LimitN/A: Non-Applicable

Following an i.v. injection of 50 mg per kg body weight ofLeu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11), a rapid increase in activitywas observed in serum already after 5 min. Then, activity declinedwithin the following 30 min, but between 240 min (4 hrs) and 720 min (12hrs), the activity reached a second peak level. The second peak waspossibly related to enterohepatic circulation of the drug after i.v.administration. Activity in plasma was below the detection limit at 12,18 and 24 hours after i.v. administration of Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 11). After p.o. administration of Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH(SEQ ID NO: 11), the activity in serum reached a maximum at 90-240 min(1.5-4 hrs) and activity was detectable after 8, and 16 hrs, but notafter 23 hrs. While high activities were observed at 30 min in serumsamples from animals treated with Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO:11) either p.o. or i.v., no activity was detected 30 min after p.o. ori.v. administration of the native Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12).

These results suggest that Leu-enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11), butnot Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12), is absorbed after p.o.administration and that the elimination rate in serum is substantiallyreduced relative to the native Leu-enkephalin (SEQ ID NO: 12) in mice.

Stability of Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12) andLeu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11) in Mouse Plasma at 37° C.

The stability of Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12),Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 11),Leu-Enkephalin-(Glu₂-Lys-Glu₃)-OH (SEQ ID NO: 121),Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys-Glu₄-Lys)-OH (SEQ ID NO: 98),Leu-Enkephalin-(ORN)₆—OH (SEQ ID NO: 106), Leu-Enkephalin-(DBU)₆—OH (SEQID NO: 107), Leu-Enkephalin-(DPR)₆—OH (SEQ ID NO: 108), andLeu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₁₀-OH (SEQ ID NO: 109) in mouse plasma at 37° C. wasexamined in the vas deferens bioassay model as described above. Prior toaddition of the plasma sample, a standard dose-response curve wasgenerated in each preparation in order to express the inhibitoryactivity as concentration of each test substance. Thus, the calculatedconcentration is a reflection of inhibitory activity in the vas deferensbioassay preparation. Dose-response data were fitted to the equation:Response=Initial value·(1−(conc/EC₅₀+conc))+background,

where initial=initial helically-induced contraction force prior toaddition of test substance;

conc=concentration of test substance;

EC₅₀=concentration of test substance that produced half maximalinhibition of electrically-induced contraction; and

background=contraction force during maximal relaxation.

All enkephalin analogues were dissolved in Krebs buffer in aconcentration of 1 mM. Sixty-six μl of each test substance solution (66nmol enkephalin analog) was incubated with 600 μl plasma at 37° C. Atdifferent time points (2-120 min), 10 μl samples were withdrawn foranalysis of functional activity. Functional activity of each testsubstance in plasma was expressed as the concentration of the testsubstance that elicited the same inhibition of electrically-inducedcontraction in the vas deferens bioassay. T_(1/2) was calculated byfitting the time-concentration data to the equation:conc(t)=conc(0)·e ^((−ln2/T1/2)·t)

where conc(0)=concentration at t=0. The results are shown in Table 3.TABLE 3 EC₅₀ and T_(½ )values for various enkephalin analogues (n= 3-4/test substance; mean) EC₅₀ value T_(1/2) Compound (nM) (min)Leu-Enkephalin-OH 65  6.3 (SEQ ID NO: 12) Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH 16018.7 (SEQ ID NO: 11) Leu-Enkephalin-(Glu)₆-OH 140 ND (SEQ ID NO: 10)Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH 350 ND (SEQ ID NO: 108)Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys₂-Glu₃-Lys)-OH 680 ND (SEQ ID NO: 99)Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys-Glu₄-Lys)-OH 357 84.5 (SEQ ID NO: 98)Leu-Enkephalin-(orn)₆-OH >20000 ND (SEQ ID NO: 106)Leu-Enkephalin-(Dbu)₆-OH 20000 ND (SEQ ID NO: 107)Leu-Enkephalin-(Dpr)₆-OH 200 19.8 (SEQ ID NO: 100)Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₁₀-OH 2500 ND (SEQ ID NO: 109)ND: Not determined.

These data suggest that modifications of Leu-Enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO:12) increased the EC₅₀ value and increased the stablity in mouse plasmaat 37° C.

μ-Receptor Binding of Leu-enkephalin-OH Analogues (SEQ ID NO: 12)

Affinities for p opioid receptor were determined using[³H](D-Ala²,N-Me-Phe⁴, Gly-ol⁵) Enkephalin (DAMGO) (1 nM) as describedby Christensen, 1993, Pharmacol. Toxicol. 73:344-345. In short: Bovinebrains were placed on ice within minutes after the slaughter. Thecaudate nuclei were dissected and homogenized in 20 vol. of 0.32 Msucrose. The homogenate was centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 min. The pelletwas re-suspended in 10 vol. of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer 7.4 and stored at−20° C. until use. The synaptic membrane fraction was incubated with 1nM of [3H]DAMGO in the presence of various concentrations of testligand. Non-specifically bound [3H]-DAMGO was established using 1 μMnaloxone. Following 15 min. incubation at 36° C. samples were filteredthrough Whatman GF/C filters and washed with buffer. Radioactivity wasdetermined using conventional techniques.

As shown in Table 4 below, all compounds were active in this bindingassay, indicating that modification of Leu-enkephalin-OH (SEQ ID NO: 12)affects receptor affinity. TABLE 4 Affinity of Leu-Enkephalin-OH (SEQ IDNO: 12) analogues at μ opioid receptors measured as ³H-DAMGO binding(IC₅₀ values (mean ± SD) IC₅₀ IC₅₀ values values (nM) (nM) Time TimeCompound 0 hours 18 hours Leu-Enkephalin-OH 97 ± 9 80 (SEQ ID NO: 14)Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys)₆-OH 17 ± 7 32 (SEQ ID NO: 11)Leu-Enkephalin-(Glu)₆-OH 10,000 5,000 (SEQ ID NO: 10)Leu-Enkephalin-(Lys-Glu)₃-OH  450 ± 130 900 (SEQ ID NO: 101) Naloxone 9.2 ± 1.0 7

The low affinity of Leu-Enkephalin-(Glu)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 10) relative tothe other test substances may be due to the very low solubility of thiscompound. Thus, the IC₅₀ value of Leu-Enkephalin-(Glu)₆-OH (SEQ ID NO:10) may be lower if tested in a solvent in which the compound is moresoluble.

In Vivo Experiments with EMP-1-K₆ (SEQ ID NO: 93) in Mice

To examine the biological efficacy of peroral (p.o.) treatment withEMP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 117) and EMP-1-K₆ (SEQ ID NO: 93), the hematologicalresponses of an equimolar p.o. dose (956 nmol) of EMP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 117)(2 mg) and EMP-1-K₆ (SEQ ID NO: 93) (2.56 mg) were examined in male mice(n=8/group). To examine the time course of the hematological responses,a 10 μl venous blood sample was collected from the retroorbital plexuson days 0, 2, and 4. Body weight (BW) and the plasma concentration ofhemoglobin (P-Hgb), the hematocrit value (Hct), the red blood cell count(RBC), and the mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determinedbefore (Day 0), and 2 and 4 days after administration of EMP-1 orEMP-1-K₆. The results are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Changes in bodyweight and in hematological parameters 4 days after p.o. administrationof 956 nmol EMP-1 or EMP-1-K₆. Relative changes are presented inparenthesis (mean ± SEM). EMP-1 EMP-1-K₆ (SEQ ID NO: 117) p.o. (SEQ IDNO: 93) p.o. BW (g) 3.4 ± 0.2 3.4 ± 0.3 (16 ± 1%) (15 ± 2%) P-hgb (mM)+1.5 ± 0.5   +2.4 ± 0.3* (+8 ± 1%)  (+15 ± 2%*) Hematocrit (%) 0.3 ± 0.8 4.5 ± 0.9*  (0.8 ± 1.8%)  (12.3 ± 2.3%*) RBC 0.6 ± 0.2  1.0 ± 0.1*(10¹² cells/l)  (9 ± 3%)  (17 ± 2%*) MCHC 2.9 ± 1.5 0.2 ± 1.5 (mM)  (4 ±2%)  (0 ± 2%)*p < 0.05 vs. EMP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 117) p.o.

These data show that the p.o. administration of 2.56 mg EMP-1-K₆ (SEQ IDNO: 93) produces a significantly greater increase in P-hgb, Hct, and RBCthan the equimolar dose of EMP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 117) p.o. None of thecompounds affected growth or MCHC. These results suggest that EMP-1-K₆(SEQ ID NO: 93) is absorbed after p.o. administration and that itelicits a rapid stimulation of the erythropoiesis in mice.

Studies with Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Analogues

General Procedures

Osteoblast retraction assay: Retraction assays were performed withosteoblast prepared from calvaria of 1-day old mice according topublished protocols (Miller et al., 1976, Science 192:1340-1343). Inbrief, osteoblasts were seeded in serum-free minimal essential medium-α(αMEM) at a density of 3000 cells per cm² into 96-well tissue cultureplates coated with 50 μg/ml of type I collagen in phosphate-bufferedsaline containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (PBS). One day afterplating, PTH compounds were added to a final concentration of 10 nM andincubation was carried out for 1 h. Cells were then fixed and stainedwith toluidine blue, and the number of retracted cells was counted byvisual inspection. PTH itself is able retract some 64% of the cellscompared to blanks where only 10-12% of the cells are retracted.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for human PTH (1-34) (SEQ ID NO: 119): This isa standard EIA assay (EIAS(h)-6101 from Peninsula Laboratories, Inc.)

Biotinylated peptide and peptide competes for binding to PTH(1-34)-antibody. Streptavidin-conjugated Horseradish Peroxidase (SA-HRP)is allowed to bind to the primary antibody/biotinylated peptide complex.3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethyl Benzidine Dihydrochloride (TMB) is allowed toreact with the bound HRP. The colour intensity is used toquantification.

Specificity of the assay: hPTH(1-34)=100%; hPTH(1-38)=100%;hPTH(1-44)=0%; hPTH(39-68)=0%; hPTH(1-84)=0%; ratPTH(1-34)=0%.

The results are shown in Table 6. In the osteoblast retraction assay,hPTH(1-34) (SEQ ID NO: 119) retains approximately 89% of the activity ofnative, human parathyroid hormone. H-hPTH(1-34)-K₆-OH (SEQ ID NO: 91)and H—K₆-PTH(1-34)-OH (SEQ ID NO: 90) show 55 and 49%, respectively ofthe activity of the mother compound hPTH(1-34) (SEQ ID NO: 119). Theantibody towards hPTH(1-34) (SEQ ID NO: 119) used in EIA recognises thetwo modifications well. TABLE 6 Retraction assay EIA Compound/Assay %Retracted cells Relative recovery % Parathyroid Hormone 63.7 — hPTH(1-34) (SEQ ID NO: 58.2 90.8 119) H-hPTH(1-34)-K₆-OH 37.4 61.8 (SEQ IDNO: 91) H-K₆-PTH(1-34)-OH (SEQ 34.7 79.1 ID NO: 90) Blank 11.8 —

Functional Activity of Substance P—NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 112) and(Lys)₆-Substance P—NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 113)

The functional activity of Substance P—NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 112) and(Lys)₆-Substance P—NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 113) were characterized using theguinea pig illeum. Experiments were carried out essentially as describedby Kristiansen et al., 1992, Br. J. Pharmacol. 58:1150) with themodification that the illeum was not electrically stimulated. Followingapplication of the compounds the induced contraction was measured.Dose-response data were fitted to the equation:Response=Initial value conc/(EC₅₀+conc)

where initial value=initial electrically-induced contraction force priorto addition of test substance;

conc=concentration of test substance; and

EC₅₀=concentration of test substance that produced half maximalinhibition of electrically-induced contraction.

SubstanceP-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 112) (EC₅₀=40 nM) and (Lys)₆-SubstanceP-NH₂(SEQ ID NO: 113) (EC₅₀=5 nM) both acted as agonists at the guinea pigilleum.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scopeby the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodimentsare intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Anyequivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of thisinvention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition tothose shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilledin the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are alsointended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Various references are cited herein, the disclosure of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties.

1. A peptide conjugate comprising X and Z, wherein X is apharmacologically active peptide sequence from 2 to 10 amino acidresidues in length, Z is a stabilizing peptide consisting of 4 to 15amino acid residues covalently bound by its N terminus to the C terminusend of X, wherein Z is a sequence selected from: (i) Lys₄₋₁₀, (ii)(Lys-Xaa)_(m), (iii) (Xaa-Lys)_(m), (iv) Lys_(p)-Xaa_(q), (v)Xaa_(p)-Lys_(q), (vi) Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, (vii) Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²,(viii) Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, (ix) Xaa¹-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa², (x)Xaa¹-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, (xi) Xaa¹-Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa², (xii)Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, (xiii) Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, (xiv)Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, (xv) Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, (xvi)Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, and (xvii) Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, whereineach of Xaa, Xaa¹, and Xaa² is, independently, selected from the groupconsisting of Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Arg, His, and Met; eachof p and q is, independently, an integer from 1 to 14, with the provisothat p+q is from 4 to 15; and m is an integer in the range from 2 to 7,and salts of said peptide conjugate.
 2. The peptide conjugate of claim1, wherein Z is Lys₄ (SEQ ID NO: 55), Lys₅ (SEQ ID NO: 56) or Lys₆ (SEQID NO: 62).
 3. The peptide conjugate of claim 1, wherein X is selectedfrom growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6)(His-DTrp-Ala-Trp-DPhe-Lys-NH2) (SEQ ID NO: 21), beta-Interleukin I(163-171) (Val-Gln-Gly-Glu-Glu-Ser-Asn-Asp-Lys) (SEQ ID NO: 22),Melanotan-II (MT-II, alpha-MSH4-10-NH2, orAc-NIle4-Asp5-His6-D-Phe7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys 10) (SEQ ID NO: 32), octreotide(201-995) (DPhe-Cys-Phe-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-ol; disulfide bridge:Cys2-Cys7) (SEQ ID NO: 35), endomorphin-1 Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2 (SEQ IDNO: 37); endomorphin-2 Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 38),antiarrhytmic peptide (AAP) (Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Ala-Gly) (SEQ ID NO: 42),Antagonist G (Arg-DTrp-(nMe)Phe-DTrp-Leu-Met-NH₂), PD-145065(Ac-D-Bhg-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Trp) (SEQ ID NO: 47), PD-142893(Ac-D-Dip-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Trp) (SEQ ID NO: 48), GR 83074(Boc-Arg-Ala-DTrp-Phe-DPro-Pro-Nle-NH2) (SEQ ID NO:51), Tyr-W-MIF-1(Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2) (SEQ ID NO: 52), parathyroid hormone relatedpeptide (107-111) (Thr-Arg-Ser-Ala-Trp) (SEQ ID NO: 53), Leupeptin(Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-CHO), kyotorphin, LHRH, eptifibatide,gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone, oxytocin, vasopressin,vasotocin, and truncated analogues thereof.
 4. A peptide conjugatecomprising X and Z, wherein X is a pharmacologically active peptide, Zis a stabilizing peptide consisting of 4 to 15 amino acid residuescovalently bound by its N terminus to the C terminus end of X, wherein Zis a sequence selected from: (i) Lys₄₋₁₀, (ii) (Lys-Xaa)_(m), (iii)(Xaa-Lys)_(m), (iv) Lys_(p)-Xaa_(q), (v) Xaa_(p)-Lys_(q), (vi)Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, (vii) Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa², (viii)Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, (ix) Xaa¹-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa², (x)Xaa¹-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys, (xi) Xaa¹-Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa², (xii)Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, (xiii) Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, (xiv)Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, (xv) Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, (xvi)Xaa²-Lys-Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹, and (xvii) Xaa²-Lys-Xaa¹-Lys-Xaa²-Xaa¹, whereineach of Xaa, Xaa¹, and Xaa² is, independently, selected from the groupconsisting of Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Arg, His, and Met; eachof p and q is, independently, an integer from 1 to 14, with the provisothat p+q is from 4 to 15; m is an integer in the range from 2 to 7; andwherein X is selected from human parathyroid hormone (1-34), glucagon,peptide YY, exendin-4, bivalirudin, hirulog-1, AF 12505(Ile-Glu-Gly-Pro-Thr-Leu-Arg-Gln-Trp-Leu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala) (SEQ ID NO:14), Interleukin II (60-70)(Leu-Thr-Phe-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Met-Pro-Lys-Lys-Ala) (SEQ ID NO: 24),vasoactive intestinal peptideexendin-3, C-type natriuretic peptide(1-53), cortistatin 14, EMP-1, Atrial natriuretic peptide, human brainnatriuretic peptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-likepeptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin,calcitonin, and truncated analogues thereof.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein Z is Lys₄ (SEQ ID NO: 55), Lys₅ (SEQ ID NO: 56) or Lys₆ (SEQ IDNO: 62).